Can a group have two different subgroups of index $2$?

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3
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I know that subgroup of index $2$ is normal.



I am interested in knowing that is that subgroup is unique or there exist example of subgroup which can have two subgroup of index $2$?



If there is example exist , then what is condition on subgroup implies that subgroup of index $2$ is unique?



Any Help will be appreciated.










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  • 1




    A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
    – Tobias Kildetoft
    Sep 19 at 8:37














up vote
3
down vote

favorite












I know that subgroup of index $2$ is normal.



I am interested in knowing that is that subgroup is unique or there exist example of subgroup which can have two subgroup of index $2$?



If there is example exist , then what is condition on subgroup implies that subgroup of index $2$ is unique?



Any Help will be appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question



















  • 1




    A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
    – Tobias Kildetoft
    Sep 19 at 8:37












up vote
3
down vote

favorite









up vote
3
down vote

favorite











I know that subgroup of index $2$ is normal.



I am interested in knowing that is that subgroup is unique or there exist example of subgroup which can have two subgroup of index $2$?



If there is example exist , then what is condition on subgroup implies that subgroup of index $2$ is unique?



Any Help will be appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question















I know that subgroup of index $2$ is normal.



I am interested in knowing that is that subgroup is unique or there exist example of subgroup which can have two subgroup of index $2$?



If there is example exist , then what is condition on subgroup implies that subgroup of index $2$ is unique?



Any Help will be appreciated.







abstract-algebra group-theory normal-subgroups






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edited Sep 19 at 11:31









Asaf Karagila♦

295k32412739




295k32412739










asked Sep 19 at 4:45









MathLover

1587




1587







  • 1




    A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
    – Tobias Kildetoft
    Sep 19 at 8:37












  • 1




    A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
    – Tobias Kildetoft
    Sep 19 at 8:37







1




1




A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
– Tobias Kildetoft
Sep 19 at 8:37




A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
– Tobias Kildetoft
Sep 19 at 8:37










4 Answers
4






active

oldest

votes

















up vote
9
down vote



accepted










Unfortunately it is not even unique up to isomorphism! Take, for instance, $(mathbbZ/2mathbbZ)times (mathbbZ/4mathbbZ)$.






share|cite|improve this answer
















  • 1




    Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
    – Randall
    Sep 19 at 5:04


















up vote
3
down vote













No way is it unique (generally). The group $G=mathbbZ_2 times mathbbZ_2$ has three subgroups of index $2$: $mathbbZ_2 times0$, the vice versa, and $(0,0), (1,1)$. You can use the same idea to cook up plenty of other examples.






share|cite|improve this answer





























    up vote
    3
    down vote













    It is maybe worth noticing the following. Let $G$ be a group and let $I_2(G)=#=2$, be the number of subgroups of index $2$.



    Theorem (Crawford, Wallace, 1975) Let $G$ be a group and $n$ a non-negative integer. Then $I_2(G)=n$ if and only if $n=2^k-1$ for some non-negative integer $k$.



    See On the Number of Subgroups of Index Two-An Application of Goursat's Theorem for Groups, R. R. Crawford and K. D. Wallace, Mathematics Magazine Vol. 48, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 172-174.



    From this it follows that $I_2(G) equiv 1$ or $3$ mod $6$, and in particular, $I_2(G) neq 2$.



    Another observation (see also the quoted paper): the following are equivalent.



    (a) A group $G$ has a unique subgroup of index $2$.

    (b) $G$ cannot be expressed as the union of 3 different subgroups.

    (c) $G$ does not have a quotient isomorphic to Klein's group $V_4$.






    share|cite|improve this answer




















    • Interesting results. I’ve never seen these.
      – Randall
      Sep 20 at 0:45










    • @Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/….
      – Nicky Hekster
      Sep 20 at 13:37

















    up vote
    0
    down vote













    You can actually make arbitrarily large groups where every element has order 2: Given $X$, the power set of $X$, $mathcalP(X)$, is a group under the operation $Delta$, known as symmetric difference ie for $A, B subseteq X$, $A Delta B = (A cup B) - (A cap B)$, and you further have that $emptyset$ is the identity, and $A Delta A = emptyset$.



    Even further, this class of groups are all commutative, so all these two element subgroups are all normal.






    share|cite|improve this answer




















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      4 Answers
      4






      active

      oldest

      votes








      4 Answers
      4






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes








      up vote
      9
      down vote



      accepted










      Unfortunately it is not even unique up to isomorphism! Take, for instance, $(mathbbZ/2mathbbZ)times (mathbbZ/4mathbbZ)$.






      share|cite|improve this answer
















      • 1




        Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
        – Randall
        Sep 19 at 5:04















      up vote
      9
      down vote



      accepted










      Unfortunately it is not even unique up to isomorphism! Take, for instance, $(mathbbZ/2mathbbZ)times (mathbbZ/4mathbbZ)$.






      share|cite|improve this answer
















      • 1




        Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
        – Randall
        Sep 19 at 5:04













      up vote
      9
      down vote



      accepted







      up vote
      9
      down vote



      accepted






      Unfortunately it is not even unique up to isomorphism! Take, for instance, $(mathbbZ/2mathbbZ)times (mathbbZ/4mathbbZ)$.






      share|cite|improve this answer












      Unfortunately it is not even unique up to isomorphism! Take, for instance, $(mathbbZ/2mathbbZ)times (mathbbZ/4mathbbZ)$.







      share|cite|improve this answer












      share|cite|improve this answer



      share|cite|improve this answer










      answered Sep 19 at 4:48









      TomGrubb

      10.6k11438




      10.6k11438







      • 1




        Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
        – Randall
        Sep 19 at 5:04













      • 1




        Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
        – Randall
        Sep 19 at 5:04








      1




      1




      Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
      – Randall
      Sep 19 at 5:04





      Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
      – Randall
      Sep 19 at 5:04











      up vote
      3
      down vote













      No way is it unique (generally). The group $G=mathbbZ_2 times mathbbZ_2$ has three subgroups of index $2$: $mathbbZ_2 times0$, the vice versa, and $(0,0), (1,1)$. You can use the same idea to cook up plenty of other examples.






      share|cite|improve this answer


























        up vote
        3
        down vote













        No way is it unique (generally). The group $G=mathbbZ_2 times mathbbZ_2$ has three subgroups of index $2$: $mathbbZ_2 times0$, the vice versa, and $(0,0), (1,1)$. You can use the same idea to cook up plenty of other examples.






        share|cite|improve this answer
























          up vote
          3
          down vote










          up vote
          3
          down vote









          No way is it unique (generally). The group $G=mathbbZ_2 times mathbbZ_2$ has three subgroups of index $2$: $mathbbZ_2 times0$, the vice versa, and $(0,0), (1,1)$. You can use the same idea to cook up plenty of other examples.






          share|cite|improve this answer














          No way is it unique (generally). The group $G=mathbbZ_2 times mathbbZ_2$ has three subgroups of index $2$: $mathbbZ_2 times0$, the vice versa, and $(0,0), (1,1)$. You can use the same idea to cook up plenty of other examples.







          share|cite|improve this answer














          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer








          edited Sep 19 at 4:59

























          answered Sep 19 at 4:46









          Randall

          7,7821927




          7,7821927




















              up vote
              3
              down vote













              It is maybe worth noticing the following. Let $G$ be a group and let $I_2(G)=#=2$, be the number of subgroups of index $2$.



              Theorem (Crawford, Wallace, 1975) Let $G$ be a group and $n$ a non-negative integer. Then $I_2(G)=n$ if and only if $n=2^k-1$ for some non-negative integer $k$.



              See On the Number of Subgroups of Index Two-An Application of Goursat's Theorem for Groups, R. R. Crawford and K. D. Wallace, Mathematics Magazine Vol. 48, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 172-174.



              From this it follows that $I_2(G) equiv 1$ or $3$ mod $6$, and in particular, $I_2(G) neq 2$.



              Another observation (see also the quoted paper): the following are equivalent.



              (a) A group $G$ has a unique subgroup of index $2$.

              (b) $G$ cannot be expressed as the union of 3 different subgroups.

              (c) $G$ does not have a quotient isomorphic to Klein's group $V_4$.






              share|cite|improve this answer




















              • Interesting results. I’ve never seen these.
                – Randall
                Sep 20 at 0:45










              • @Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/….
                – Nicky Hekster
                Sep 20 at 13:37














              up vote
              3
              down vote













              It is maybe worth noticing the following. Let $G$ be a group and let $I_2(G)=#=2$, be the number of subgroups of index $2$.



              Theorem (Crawford, Wallace, 1975) Let $G$ be a group and $n$ a non-negative integer. Then $I_2(G)=n$ if and only if $n=2^k-1$ for some non-negative integer $k$.



              See On the Number of Subgroups of Index Two-An Application of Goursat's Theorem for Groups, R. R. Crawford and K. D. Wallace, Mathematics Magazine Vol. 48, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 172-174.



              From this it follows that $I_2(G) equiv 1$ or $3$ mod $6$, and in particular, $I_2(G) neq 2$.



              Another observation (see also the quoted paper): the following are equivalent.



              (a) A group $G$ has a unique subgroup of index $2$.

              (b) $G$ cannot be expressed as the union of 3 different subgroups.

              (c) $G$ does not have a quotient isomorphic to Klein's group $V_4$.






              share|cite|improve this answer




















              • Interesting results. I’ve never seen these.
                – Randall
                Sep 20 at 0:45










              • @Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/….
                – Nicky Hekster
                Sep 20 at 13:37












              up vote
              3
              down vote










              up vote
              3
              down vote









              It is maybe worth noticing the following. Let $G$ be a group and let $I_2(G)=#=2$, be the number of subgroups of index $2$.



              Theorem (Crawford, Wallace, 1975) Let $G$ be a group and $n$ a non-negative integer. Then $I_2(G)=n$ if and only if $n=2^k-1$ for some non-negative integer $k$.



              See On the Number of Subgroups of Index Two-An Application of Goursat's Theorem for Groups, R. R. Crawford and K. D. Wallace, Mathematics Magazine Vol. 48, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 172-174.



              From this it follows that $I_2(G) equiv 1$ or $3$ mod $6$, and in particular, $I_2(G) neq 2$.



              Another observation (see also the quoted paper): the following are equivalent.



              (a) A group $G$ has a unique subgroup of index $2$.

              (b) $G$ cannot be expressed as the union of 3 different subgroups.

              (c) $G$ does not have a quotient isomorphic to Klein's group $V_4$.






              share|cite|improve this answer












              It is maybe worth noticing the following. Let $G$ be a group and let $I_2(G)=#=2$, be the number of subgroups of index $2$.



              Theorem (Crawford, Wallace, 1975) Let $G$ be a group and $n$ a non-negative integer. Then $I_2(G)=n$ if and only if $n=2^k-1$ for some non-negative integer $k$.



              See On the Number of Subgroups of Index Two-An Application of Goursat's Theorem for Groups, R. R. Crawford and K. D. Wallace, Mathematics Magazine Vol. 48, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 172-174.



              From this it follows that $I_2(G) equiv 1$ or $3$ mod $6$, and in particular, $I_2(G) neq 2$.



              Another observation (see also the quoted paper): the following are equivalent.



              (a) A group $G$ has a unique subgroup of index $2$.

              (b) $G$ cannot be expressed as the union of 3 different subgroups.

              (c) $G$ does not have a quotient isomorphic to Klein's group $V_4$.







              share|cite|improve this answer












              share|cite|improve this answer



              share|cite|improve this answer










              answered Sep 19 at 12:25









              Nicky Hekster

              27.3k53152




              27.3k53152











              • Interesting results. I’ve never seen these.
                – Randall
                Sep 20 at 0:45










              • @Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/….
                – Nicky Hekster
                Sep 20 at 13:37
















              • Interesting results. I’ve never seen these.
                – Randall
                Sep 20 at 0:45










              • @Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/….
                – Nicky Hekster
                Sep 20 at 13:37















              Interesting results. I’ve never seen these.
              – Randall
              Sep 20 at 0:45




              Interesting results. I’ve never seen these.
              – Randall
              Sep 20 at 0:45












              @Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/….
              – Nicky Hekster
              Sep 20 at 13:37




              @Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/….
              – Nicky Hekster
              Sep 20 at 13:37










              up vote
              0
              down vote













              You can actually make arbitrarily large groups where every element has order 2: Given $X$, the power set of $X$, $mathcalP(X)$, is a group under the operation $Delta$, known as symmetric difference ie for $A, B subseteq X$, $A Delta B = (A cup B) - (A cap B)$, and you further have that $emptyset$ is the identity, and $A Delta A = emptyset$.



              Even further, this class of groups are all commutative, so all these two element subgroups are all normal.






              share|cite|improve this answer
























                up vote
                0
                down vote













                You can actually make arbitrarily large groups where every element has order 2: Given $X$, the power set of $X$, $mathcalP(X)$, is a group under the operation $Delta$, known as symmetric difference ie for $A, B subseteq X$, $A Delta B = (A cup B) - (A cap B)$, and you further have that $emptyset$ is the identity, and $A Delta A = emptyset$.



                Even further, this class of groups are all commutative, so all these two element subgroups are all normal.






                share|cite|improve this answer






















                  up vote
                  0
                  down vote










                  up vote
                  0
                  down vote









                  You can actually make arbitrarily large groups where every element has order 2: Given $X$, the power set of $X$, $mathcalP(X)$, is a group under the operation $Delta$, known as symmetric difference ie for $A, B subseteq X$, $A Delta B = (A cup B) - (A cap B)$, and you further have that $emptyset$ is the identity, and $A Delta A = emptyset$.



                  Even further, this class of groups are all commutative, so all these two element subgroups are all normal.






                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  You can actually make arbitrarily large groups where every element has order 2: Given $X$, the power set of $X$, $mathcalP(X)$, is a group under the operation $Delta$, known as symmetric difference ie for $A, B subseteq X$, $A Delta B = (A cup B) - (A cap B)$, and you further have that $emptyset$ is the identity, and $A Delta A = emptyset$.



                  Even further, this class of groups are all commutative, so all these two element subgroups are all normal.







                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer










                  answered Sep 19 at 11:43









                  user24142

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