Can a group have two different subgroups of index $2$?

Clash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP
up vote
3
down vote
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I know that subgroup of index $2$ is normal.
I am interested in knowing that is that subgroup is unique or there exist example of subgroup which can have two subgroup of index $2$?
If there is example exist , then what is condition on subgroup implies that subgroup of index $2$ is unique?
Any Help will be appreciated.
abstract-algebra group-theory normal-subgroups
add a comment |Â
up vote
3
down vote
favorite
I know that subgroup of index $2$ is normal.
I am interested in knowing that is that subgroup is unique or there exist example of subgroup which can have two subgroup of index $2$?
If there is example exist , then what is condition on subgroup implies that subgroup of index $2$ is unique?
Any Help will be appreciated.
abstract-algebra group-theory normal-subgroups
1
A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
â Tobias Kildetoft
Sep 19 at 8:37
add a comment |Â
up vote
3
down vote
favorite
up vote
3
down vote
favorite
I know that subgroup of index $2$ is normal.
I am interested in knowing that is that subgroup is unique or there exist example of subgroup which can have two subgroup of index $2$?
If there is example exist , then what is condition on subgroup implies that subgroup of index $2$ is unique?
Any Help will be appreciated.
abstract-algebra group-theory normal-subgroups
I know that subgroup of index $2$ is normal.
I am interested in knowing that is that subgroup is unique or there exist example of subgroup which can have two subgroup of index $2$?
If there is example exist , then what is condition on subgroup implies that subgroup of index $2$ is unique?
Any Help will be appreciated.
abstract-algebra group-theory normal-subgroups
abstract-algebra group-theory normal-subgroups
edited Sep 19 at 11:31
Asaf Karagilaâ¦
295k32412739
295k32412739
asked Sep 19 at 4:45
MathLover
1587
1587
1
A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
â Tobias Kildetoft
Sep 19 at 8:37
add a comment |Â
1
A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
â Tobias Kildetoft
Sep 19 at 8:37
1
1
A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
â Tobias Kildetoft
Sep 19 at 8:37
A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
â Tobias Kildetoft
Sep 19 at 8:37
add a comment |Â
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
up vote
9
down vote
accepted
Unfortunately it is not even unique up to isomorphism! Take, for instance, $(mathbbZ/2mathbbZ)times (mathbbZ/4mathbbZ)$.
1
Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
â Randall
Sep 19 at 5:04
add a comment |Â
up vote
3
down vote
No way is it unique (generally). The group $G=mathbbZ_2 times mathbbZ_2$ has three subgroups of index $2$: $mathbbZ_2 times0$, the vice versa, and $(0,0), (1,1)$. You can use the same idea to cook up plenty of other examples.
add a comment |Â
up vote
3
down vote
It is maybe worth noticing the following. Let $G$ be a group and let $I_2(G)=#=2$, be the number of subgroups of index $2$.
Theorem (Crawford, Wallace, 1975) Let $G$ be a group and $n$ a non-negative integer. Then $I_2(G)=n$ if and only if $n=2^k-1$ for some non-negative integer $k$.
See On the Number of Subgroups of Index Two-An Application of Goursat's Theorem for Groups, R. R. Crawford and K. D. Wallace, Mathematics Magazine Vol. 48, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 172-174.
From this it follows that $I_2(G) equiv 1$ or $3$ mod $6$, and in particular, $I_2(G) neq 2$.
Another observation (see also the quoted paper): the following are equivalent.
(a) A group $G$ has a unique subgroup of index $2$.
(b) $G$ cannot be expressed as the union of 3 different subgroups.
(c) $G$ does not have a quotient isomorphic to Klein's group $V_4$.
Interesting results. IâÂÂve never seen these.
â Randall
Sep 20 at 0:45
@Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/â¦.
â Nicky Hekster
Sep 20 at 13:37
add a comment |Â
up vote
0
down vote
You can actually make arbitrarily large groups where every element has order 2: Given $X$, the power set of $X$, $mathcalP(X)$, is a group under the operation $Delta$, known as symmetric difference ie for $A, B subseteq X$, $A Delta B = (A cup B) - (A cap B)$, and you further have that $emptyset$ is the identity, and $A Delta A = emptyset$.
Even further, this class of groups are all commutative, so all these two element subgroups are all normal.
add a comment |Â
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
up vote
9
down vote
accepted
Unfortunately it is not even unique up to isomorphism! Take, for instance, $(mathbbZ/2mathbbZ)times (mathbbZ/4mathbbZ)$.
1
Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
â Randall
Sep 19 at 5:04
add a comment |Â
up vote
9
down vote
accepted
Unfortunately it is not even unique up to isomorphism! Take, for instance, $(mathbbZ/2mathbbZ)times (mathbbZ/4mathbbZ)$.
1
Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
â Randall
Sep 19 at 5:04
add a comment |Â
up vote
9
down vote
accepted
up vote
9
down vote
accepted
Unfortunately it is not even unique up to isomorphism! Take, for instance, $(mathbbZ/2mathbbZ)times (mathbbZ/4mathbbZ)$.
Unfortunately it is not even unique up to isomorphism! Take, for instance, $(mathbbZ/2mathbbZ)times (mathbbZ/4mathbbZ)$.
answered Sep 19 at 4:48
TomGrubb
10.6k11438
10.6k11438
1
Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
â Randall
Sep 19 at 5:04
add a comment |Â
1
Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
â Randall
Sep 19 at 5:04
1
1
Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
â Randall
Sep 19 at 5:04
Good example. Another: the dihedral group $D_4$ of order $8$ has at least two subgroups of order $4$: the Klein $4$-group and the subgroup consisting of the rotations. They are also non-iso.
â Randall
Sep 19 at 5:04
add a comment |Â
up vote
3
down vote
No way is it unique (generally). The group $G=mathbbZ_2 times mathbbZ_2$ has three subgroups of index $2$: $mathbbZ_2 times0$, the vice versa, and $(0,0), (1,1)$. You can use the same idea to cook up plenty of other examples.
add a comment |Â
up vote
3
down vote
No way is it unique (generally). The group $G=mathbbZ_2 times mathbbZ_2$ has three subgroups of index $2$: $mathbbZ_2 times0$, the vice versa, and $(0,0), (1,1)$. You can use the same idea to cook up plenty of other examples.
add a comment |Â
up vote
3
down vote
up vote
3
down vote
No way is it unique (generally). The group $G=mathbbZ_2 times mathbbZ_2$ has three subgroups of index $2$: $mathbbZ_2 times0$, the vice versa, and $(0,0), (1,1)$. You can use the same idea to cook up plenty of other examples.
No way is it unique (generally). The group $G=mathbbZ_2 times mathbbZ_2$ has three subgroups of index $2$: $mathbbZ_2 times0$, the vice versa, and $(0,0), (1,1)$. You can use the same idea to cook up plenty of other examples.
edited Sep 19 at 4:59
answered Sep 19 at 4:46
Randall
7,7821927
7,7821927
add a comment |Â
add a comment |Â
up vote
3
down vote
It is maybe worth noticing the following. Let $G$ be a group and let $I_2(G)=#=2$, be the number of subgroups of index $2$.
Theorem (Crawford, Wallace, 1975) Let $G$ be a group and $n$ a non-negative integer. Then $I_2(G)=n$ if and only if $n=2^k-1$ for some non-negative integer $k$.
See On the Number of Subgroups of Index Two-An Application of Goursat's Theorem for Groups, R. R. Crawford and K. D. Wallace, Mathematics Magazine Vol. 48, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 172-174.
From this it follows that $I_2(G) equiv 1$ or $3$ mod $6$, and in particular, $I_2(G) neq 2$.
Another observation (see also the quoted paper): the following are equivalent.
(a) A group $G$ has a unique subgroup of index $2$.
(b) $G$ cannot be expressed as the union of 3 different subgroups.
(c) $G$ does not have a quotient isomorphic to Klein's group $V_4$.
Interesting results. IâÂÂve never seen these.
â Randall
Sep 20 at 0:45
@Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/â¦.
â Nicky Hekster
Sep 20 at 13:37
add a comment |Â
up vote
3
down vote
It is maybe worth noticing the following. Let $G$ be a group and let $I_2(G)=#=2$, be the number of subgroups of index $2$.
Theorem (Crawford, Wallace, 1975) Let $G$ be a group and $n$ a non-negative integer. Then $I_2(G)=n$ if and only if $n=2^k-1$ for some non-negative integer $k$.
See On the Number of Subgroups of Index Two-An Application of Goursat's Theorem for Groups, R. R. Crawford and K. D. Wallace, Mathematics Magazine Vol. 48, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 172-174.
From this it follows that $I_2(G) equiv 1$ or $3$ mod $6$, and in particular, $I_2(G) neq 2$.
Another observation (see also the quoted paper): the following are equivalent.
(a) A group $G$ has a unique subgroup of index $2$.
(b) $G$ cannot be expressed as the union of 3 different subgroups.
(c) $G$ does not have a quotient isomorphic to Klein's group $V_4$.
Interesting results. IâÂÂve never seen these.
â Randall
Sep 20 at 0:45
@Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/â¦.
â Nicky Hekster
Sep 20 at 13:37
add a comment |Â
up vote
3
down vote
up vote
3
down vote
It is maybe worth noticing the following. Let $G$ be a group and let $I_2(G)=#=2$, be the number of subgroups of index $2$.
Theorem (Crawford, Wallace, 1975) Let $G$ be a group and $n$ a non-negative integer. Then $I_2(G)=n$ if and only if $n=2^k-1$ for some non-negative integer $k$.
See On the Number of Subgroups of Index Two-An Application of Goursat's Theorem for Groups, R. R. Crawford and K. D. Wallace, Mathematics Magazine Vol. 48, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 172-174.
From this it follows that $I_2(G) equiv 1$ or $3$ mod $6$, and in particular, $I_2(G) neq 2$.
Another observation (see also the quoted paper): the following are equivalent.
(a) A group $G$ has a unique subgroup of index $2$.
(b) $G$ cannot be expressed as the union of 3 different subgroups.
(c) $G$ does not have a quotient isomorphic to Klein's group $V_4$.
It is maybe worth noticing the following. Let $G$ be a group and let $I_2(G)=#=2$, be the number of subgroups of index $2$.
Theorem (Crawford, Wallace, 1975) Let $G$ be a group and $n$ a non-negative integer. Then $I_2(G)=n$ if and only if $n=2^k-1$ for some non-negative integer $k$.
See On the Number of Subgroups of Index Two-An Application of Goursat's Theorem for Groups, R. R. Crawford and K. D. Wallace, Mathematics Magazine Vol. 48, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 172-174.
From this it follows that $I_2(G) equiv 1$ or $3$ mod $6$, and in particular, $I_2(G) neq 2$.
Another observation (see also the quoted paper): the following are equivalent.
(a) A group $G$ has a unique subgroup of index $2$.
(b) $G$ cannot be expressed as the union of 3 different subgroups.
(c) $G$ does not have a quotient isomorphic to Klein's group $V_4$.
answered Sep 19 at 12:25
Nicky Hekster
27.3k53152
27.3k53152
Interesting results. IâÂÂve never seen these.
â Randall
Sep 20 at 0:45
@Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/â¦.
â Nicky Hekster
Sep 20 at 13:37
add a comment |Â
Interesting results. IâÂÂve never seen these.
â Randall
Sep 20 at 0:45
@Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/â¦.
â Nicky Hekster
Sep 20 at 13:37
Interesting results. IâÂÂve never seen these.
â Randall
Sep 20 at 0:45
Interesting results. IâÂÂve never seen these.
â Randall
Sep 20 at 0:45
@Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/â¦.
â Nicky Hekster
Sep 20 at 13:37
@Randall, thanks, you might also have a look at math.stackexchange.com/questions/959886/â¦.
â Nicky Hekster
Sep 20 at 13:37
add a comment |Â
up vote
0
down vote
You can actually make arbitrarily large groups where every element has order 2: Given $X$, the power set of $X$, $mathcalP(X)$, is a group under the operation $Delta$, known as symmetric difference ie for $A, B subseteq X$, $A Delta B = (A cup B) - (A cap B)$, and you further have that $emptyset$ is the identity, and $A Delta A = emptyset$.
Even further, this class of groups are all commutative, so all these two element subgroups are all normal.
add a comment |Â
up vote
0
down vote
You can actually make arbitrarily large groups where every element has order 2: Given $X$, the power set of $X$, $mathcalP(X)$, is a group under the operation $Delta$, known as symmetric difference ie for $A, B subseteq X$, $A Delta B = (A cup B) - (A cap B)$, and you further have that $emptyset$ is the identity, and $A Delta A = emptyset$.
Even further, this class of groups are all commutative, so all these two element subgroups are all normal.
add a comment |Â
up vote
0
down vote
up vote
0
down vote
You can actually make arbitrarily large groups where every element has order 2: Given $X$, the power set of $X$, $mathcalP(X)$, is a group under the operation $Delta$, known as symmetric difference ie for $A, B subseteq X$, $A Delta B = (A cup B) - (A cap B)$, and you further have that $emptyset$ is the identity, and $A Delta A = emptyset$.
Even further, this class of groups are all commutative, so all these two element subgroups are all normal.
You can actually make arbitrarily large groups where every element has order 2: Given $X$, the power set of $X$, $mathcalP(X)$, is a group under the operation $Delta$, known as symmetric difference ie for $A, B subseteq X$, $A Delta B = (A cup B) - (A cap B)$, and you further have that $emptyset$ is the identity, and $A Delta A = emptyset$.
Even further, this class of groups are all commutative, so all these two element subgroups are all normal.
answered Sep 19 at 11:43
user24142
2,937915
2,937915
add a comment |Â
add a comment |Â
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1
A short addition to the answers: If $4$ does not divide the order of the group then the group has a unique subgroup of index $2$. More generally, if the Sylow $2$-subgroup is cyclic, then the same happens.
â Tobias Kildetoft
Sep 19 at 8:37