Mohs scale of mineral hardness
Mohs hardness kit, containing one specimen of each mineral on the ten-point hardness scale
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a qualitative ordinal scale characterizing scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material. Created in 1812 by German geologist and mineralogist Friedrich Mohs, it is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science, some of which are more quantitative.[1] The method of comparing hardness by observing which minerals can scratch others is of great antiquity, having been mentioned by Theophrastus in his treatise On Stones, c. 300 BC, followed by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia, c. 77 AD.[2][3][4] While greatly facilitating the identification of minerals in the field, the Mohs scale does not show how well hard materials perform in an industrial setting.[5]
Contents
1 Usage
2 Minerals
3 Intermediate hardness
4 Comparison with Vickers scale
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Usage
Despite its lack of precision, the Mohs scale is relevant for field geologists, who use the scale to roughly identify minerals using scratch kits. The Mohs scale hardness of minerals can be commonly found in reference sheets.
Mohs hardness is useful in milling. It allows assessment of which kind of mill will best reduce a given product whose hardness is known.[6] The scale is used at electronic manufacturers for testing the resilience of flat panel display components (such as cover glass for LCDs or encapsulation for OLEDs).
Minerals
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the ability of one natural sample of mineral to scratch another mineral visibly. The samples of matter used by Mohs are all different minerals. Minerals are chemically pure solids found in nature. Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. As the hardest known naturally occurring substance when the scale was designed, diamonds are at the top of the scale. The hardness of a material is measured against the scale by finding the hardest material that the given material can scratch, or the softest material that can scratch the given material. For example, if some material is scratched by apatite but not by fluorite, its hardness on the Mohs scale would fall between 4 and 5.[7] "Scratching" a material for the purposes of the Mohs scale means creating non-elastic dislocations visible to the naked eye. Frequently, materials that are lower on the Mohs scale can create microscopic, non-elastic dislocations on materials that have a higher Mohs number. While these microscopic dislocations are permanent and sometimes detrimental to the harder material's structural integrity, they are not considered "scratches" for the determination of a Mohs scale number.[8]
The Mohs scale is a purely ordinal scale. For example, corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), but diamond (10) is four times as hard as corundum. The table below shows the comparison with the absolute hardness measured by a sclerometer, with pictorial examples.[9][10]
| Mohs hardness | Mineral | Chemical formula | Absolute hardness[11] | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 | 1 |  |
2 | Gypsum | CaSO4·2H2O | 3 |  |
3 | Calcite | CaCO3 | 9 |  |
4 | Fluorite | CaF2 | 21 |  |
5 | Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(OH−,Cl−,F−) | 48 |  |
6 | Orthoclase feldspar | KAlSi3O8 | 72 |  |
7 | Quartz | SiO2 | 100 |  |
8 | Topaz | Al2SiO4(OH−,F−)2 | 200 |  |
9 | Corundum | Al2O3 | 400 |  |
10 | Diamond | C | 1500 |  |
On the Mohs scale, a streak plate (unglazed porcelain) has a hardness of approximately 7.0. Using these ordinary materials of known hardness can be a simple way to approximate the position of a mineral on the scale.[1]
Intermediate hardness
The table below incorporates additional substances that may fall between levels:[12]
| Hardness | Substance or mineral |
|---|---|
| 0.2–0.3 | caesium, rubidium |
| 0.5–0.6 | lithium, sodium, potassium |
| 1 | talc |
| 1.5 | gallium, strontium, indium, tin, barium, thallium, lead, graphite, ice[13] |
| 2 | hexagonal boron nitride,[14]calcium, selenium, cadmium, sulfur, tellurium, bismuth, gypsum |
| 2–2.5 | halite (rock salt), fingernail[15] |
| 2.5–3 | gold, silver, aluminium, zinc, lanthanum, cerium, Jet (lignite) |
| 3 | calcite, copper, arsenic, antimony, thorium, dentin |
| 3.5 | platinum |
| 4 | fluorite, iron, nickel |
| 4–4.5 | steel |
| 5 | apatite (tooth enamel), zirconium, palladium, obsidian (volcanic glass) |
| 5.5 | beryllium, molybdenum, hafnium, glass, cobalt |
| 6 | orthoclase, titanium, manganese, germanium, niobium, rhodium, uranium |
| 6–7 | fused quartz, iron pyrite, silicon, ruthenium, iridium, tantalum, opal, peridot, tanzanite, jade |
| 7 | osmium, quartz, rhenium, vanadium |
| 7.5–8 | emerald, hardened steel, tungsten, spinel |
| 8 | topaz, cubic zirconia |
| 8.5 | chrysoberyl, chromium, silicon nitride, tantalum carbide |
| 9 | corundum (includes sapphire and ruby), tungsten carbide, titanium nitride |
| 9–9.5 | silicon carbide (carborundum), titanium carbide |
| 9.5–10 | boron, boron nitride, rhenium diboride (a-axis),[16]stishovite, titanium diboride |
| 10 | diamond, carbonado |
Comparison with Vickers scale
Comparison between hardness (Mohs) and hardness (Vickers):[17][not specific enough to verify]
| Mineral name | Hardness (Mohs) | Hardness (Vickers) kg/mm2 |
|---|---|---|
| Graphite | 1–2 | VHN10=7–11 |
| Tin | 1½ | VHN10=7–9 |
| Bismuth | 2–2½ | VHN100=16–18 |
| Gold | 2½ | VHN10=30–34 |
| Silver | 2½ | VHN100=61–65 |
| Chalcocite | 2½–3 | VHN100=84–87 |
| Copper | 2½–3 | VHN100=77–99 |
| Galena | 2½ | VHN100=79–104 |
| Sphalerite | 3½–4 | VHN100=208–224 |
| Heazlewoodite | 4 | VHN100=230–254 |
| Carrollite | 4½–5½ | VHN100=507–586 |
| Goethite | 5–5½ | VHN100=667 |
| Hematite | 5–6 | VHN100=1,000–1,100 |
| Chromite | 5½ | VHN100=1,278–1,456 |
| Anatase | 5½–6 | VHN100=616–698 |
| Rutile | 6–6½ | VHN100=894–974 |
| Pyrite | 6–6½ | VHN100=1,505–1,520 |
| Bowieite | 7 | VHN100=858–1,288 |
| Euclase | 7½ | VHN100=1,310 |
| Chromium | 8½ | VHN100=1,875–2,000 |
See also
- Brinell scale
- Hardnesses of the elements (data page)
- Knoop hardness test
- Meyer hardness test
- Pencil hardness
- Rockwell scale
- Scratch hardness
References
^ ab "Mohs hardness" in Encyclopædia Britannica Online
^ Theophrastus on Stones. Farlang.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-10.
^ Pliny the Elder. Naturalis Historia. Book 37. Chap. 15. ADamas: six varieties of it. Two remedies.
^ Pliny the Elder. Naturalis Historia. Book 37. Chap. 76. The methods of testing precious stones.
^ Hardness. Non-Destructive Testing Resource Center
^ "Size reduction, comminution - grinding and milling". PowderProcess.net. Retrieved 27 October 2017..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ American Federation of Mineralogical Societies. "Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness". amfed.org
^ Geels, Kay. "The True Microstructure of Materials", pp. 5–13 in Materialographic Preparation from Sorby to the Present. Struers A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
^ Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery What is important about hardness?. galleries.com
^ Mineral Hardness and Hardness Scales Archived 2008-10-17 at the Wayback Machine. Inland Lapidary
^ Mukherjee, Swapna (2012). Applied Mineralogy: Applications in Industry and Environment. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 373–. ISBN 978-94-007-1162-4.
^ Samsonov, G.V., ed. (1968). "Mechanical Properties of the Elements". Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements. New York: IFI-Plenum. p. 432. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6066-7. ISBN 978-1-4684-6068-1.
^ "Ice is a mineral" in Exploring Ice in the Solar System. messenger-education.org
^ Berger, Lev I. (1996). Semiconductor Materials (First ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0849389122.
^ "Mohs Hardness Scale: Testing the Resistance to Being Scratched". geology.com.
^ Levine, Jonathan B.; Tolbert, Sarah H.; Kaner, Richard B. (2009). "Advancements in the Search for Superhard Ultra-Incompressible Metal Borides" (PDF). Advanced Functional Materials. pp. 3526–3527. doi:10.1002/adfm.200901257.
^ Ralph, Jolyon. "Welcome to mindat.org". mindat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
Further reading
- Mohs hardness of elements is taken from G.V. Samsonov (Ed.) in Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements, IFI-Plenum, New York, USA, 1968.
- Cordua, William S. "The Hardness of Minerals and Rocks". Lapidary Digest, c. 1990.
