Feldspar
@media all and (max-width:720px).mw-parser-output .mobile-float-resetfloat:none!important;width:100%!important.mw-parser-output .stack-containerbox-sizing:border-box.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-leftfloat:left;clear:left.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-rightfloat:right;clear:right.mw-parser-output .stack-leftfloat:left.mw-parser-output .stack-rightfloat:right.mw-parser-output .stack-objectmargin:1px;overflow:hidden
Compositional phase diagram of the different minerals that constitute the feldspar solid solution.
Feldspars (KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8) are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up about 41% of the Earth's continental crust by weight.[2][3]
Feldspars crystallize from magma as veins in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock.[4] Rock formed almost entirely of calcic plagioclase feldspar is known as anorthosite.[5] Feldspars are also found in many types of sedimentary rocks.[6]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Compositions
2.1 Alkali feldspars
2.2 Barium feldspars
2.3 Plagioclase feldspars
3 Weathering
4 Production and uses
5 Images
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Etymology
The name feldspar derives from the German Feldspat, a compound of the words Feld, "field", and Spat meaning "a rock that does not contain ore".[7] The change from Spat to -spar was influenced by the English word spar,[8] meaning a non-opaque mineral with good cleavage.[9]Feldspathic refers to materials that contain feldspar. The alternate spelling, felspar, has fallen out of use.
Compositions
This group of minerals consists of tectosilicates. Compositions of major elements in common feldspars can be expressed in terms of three endmembers:
potassium feldspar (K-spar) endmember KAlSi3O8,[10]
albite endmember NaAlSi3O8,[10]
anorthite endmember CaAl2Si2O8.[10]
Solid solutions between K-feldspar and albite are called "alkali feldspar".[10] Solid solutions between albite and anorthite are called "plagioclase",[10] or more properly "plagioclase feldspar". Only limited solid solution occurs between K-feldspar and anorthite, and in the two other solid solutions, immiscibility occurs at temperatures common in the crust of the Earth. Albite is considered both a plagioclase and alkali feldspar.
Alkali feldspars
Alkali feldspars are grouped into two types: those containing potassium in combination with sodium, aluminum, or silicon; and those where potassium is replaced by barium. The first of these include:
orthoclase (monoclinic)[11] KAlSi3O8,
sanidine (monoclinic)[12] (K,Na)AlSi3O8,
microcline (triclinic)[13] KAlSi3O8,
anorthoclase (triclinic) (Na,K)AlSi3O8.
Potassium and sodium feldspars are not perfectly miscible in the melt at low temperatures, therefore intermediate compositions of the alkali feldspars occur only in higher temperature environments.[14] Sanidine is stable at the highest temperatures, and microcline at the lowest.[11][12]Perthite is a typical texture in alkali feldspar, due to exsolution of contrasting alkali feldspar compositions during cooling of an intermediate composition. The perthitic textures in the alkali feldspars of many granites can be seen with the naked eye.[15] Microperthitic textures in crystals are visible using a light microscope, whereas cryptoperthitic textures can be seen only with an electron microscope.
Barium feldspars
Barium feldspars are also considered alkali feldspars. Barium feldspars form as the result of the substitution of barium for potassium in the mineral structure.
The barium feldspars are monoclinic and include the following:
celsian BaAl2Si2O8,[16]
hyalophane (K,Ba)(Al,Si)4O8.[17]
Plagioclase feldspars
The plagioclase feldspars are triclinic. The plagioclase series follows (with percent anorthite in parentheses):
albite (0 to 10) NaAlSi3O8,
oligoclase (10 to 30) (Na,Ca)(Al,Si)AlSi2O8,
andesine (30 to 50) NaAlSi3O8—CaAl2Si2O8,
labradorite (50 to 70) (Ca,Na)Al(Al,Si)Si2O8,
bytownite (70 to 90) (NaSi,CaAl)AlSi2O8,
anorthite (90 to 100) CaAl2Si2O8.
Intermediate compositions of plagioclase feldspar also may exsolve to two feldspars of contrasting composition during cooling, but diffusion is much slower than in alkali feldspar, and the resulting two-feldspar intergrowths typically are too fine-grained to be visible with optical microscopes. The immiscibility gaps in the plagioclase solid solutions are complex compared to the gap in the alkali feldspars. The play of colours visible in some feldspar of labradorite composition is due to very fine-grained exsolution lamellae.
The specific gravity in the plagioclase series increases from albite (2.62 g/cm3) to anorthite (2.72–2.75 g/cm3).
Weathering
Chemical weathering of feldspars results in the formation of clay minerals[18] such as illite and kaolinite.
Production and uses
About 20 million tonnes of feldspar were produced in 2010, mostly by three countries: Italy (4.7 Mt), Turkey (4.5 Mt), and China (2 Mt).[19]
Feldspar is a common raw material used in glassmaking, ceramics, and to some extent as a filler and extender in paint, plastics, and rubber. In glassmaking, alumina from feldspar improves product hardness, durability, and resistance to chemical corrosion. In ceramics, the alkalis in feldspar (calcium oxide, potassium oxide, and sodium oxide) act as a flux, lowering the melting temperature of a mixture. Fluxes melt at an early stage in the firing process, forming a glassy matrix that bonds the other components of the system together. In the US, about 66% of feldspar is consumed in glassmaking, including glass containers and glass fiber. Ceramics (including electrical insulators, sanitaryware, pottery, tableware, and tile) and other uses, such as fillers, accounted for the remainder.[20]
In earth sciences and archaeology, feldspars are used for K-Ar dating, argon-argon dating, and luminescence dating.
In October 2012, the Mars Curiosity rover analyzed a rock that turned out to have a high feldspar content.[21]
Images
Specimen of rare plumbian (lead-rich) feldspar
Perched on crystallized, white feldspar is a dramatic, upright 4.0 cm aquamarine
Feldspar and moonstone, from Sonora, Mexico
Schorl crystal on a cluster of euhedral feldspar crystals
First X-ray view of Martian soil—feldspar, pyroxenes, olivine revealed (Curiosity rover at "Rocknest", October 17, 2012).[22]
Lunar ferrous anorthosite #60025 (plagioclase feldspar). Collected by Apollo 16 from the Lunar Highlands near Descartes Crater. This sample is currently on display at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.
See also
List of minerals – A list of minerals for which there are articles on Wikipedia- List of countries by feldspar production
References
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document: "Feldspar and nepheline syenite" (PDF)..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document: "Feldspar and nepheline syenite"
^ "Feldspar". Gemology Online. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
^ Anderson, Robert S.; Anderson, Suzanne P. (2010). Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes. Cambridge University Press. p. 187.
^ Rudnick, R. L.; Gao, S. (2003). "Composition of the Continental Crust". In Holland, H. D.; Turekian, K. K. Treatise on Geochemistry. Treatise on Geochemistry. 3. New York: Elsevier Science. pp. 1–64. Bibcode:2003TrGeo...3....1R. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/03016-4. ISBN 978-0-08-043751-4.
^ "Metamorphic Rocks." Metamorphic Rocks Information Archived 2007-07-01 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on July 18, 2007
^ Blatt, Harvey and Tracy, Robert J. (1996) Petrology, Freeman, 2nd ed., pp. 206–210
ISBN 0-7167-2438-3
^ "Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks." Geology. Archived 2007-07-21 at WebCite Retrieved on July 18, 2007.
^ Harper, Douglas. "feldspar". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
^ Harper, Douglas. "feldspar". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
^ "spar". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ abcde Feldspar. What is Feldspar? Industrial Minerals Association. Retrieved on July 18, 2007.
^ ab "The Mineral Orthoclase". Feldspar Amethyst Galleries, Inc. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
^ ab "Sanidine Feldspar". Feldspar Amethyst Galleries, Inc. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
^ "Microcline Feldspar". Feldspar Amethyst Galleries, Inc. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
^ Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr. Handbook of Mineralogy, Wiley, pp. 446-449 (Fig. 11-95
ISBN 0-471-80580-7
^ Ralph, Jolyon and Chou, Ida. "Perthite". Perthite Profile on mindat.org. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
^ Celsian–orthoclase series on Mindat.org.
^ Celsian–hyalophane series on Mindat.org.
^ Nelson, Stephen A. (Fall 2008). "Weathering & Clay Minerals". Professor's lecture notes (EENS 211, Mineralogy). Tulane University. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
^ Feldspar, USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2011
^ Apodaca, Lori E. Feldspar and nepheline syenite, USGS 2008 Minerals Yearbook
^ Nasa's Curiosity rover finds 'unusual rock'. (12 October 2012) BBC News.
^ Brown, Dwayne (October 30, 2012). "NASA Rover's First Soil Studies Help Fingerprint Martian Minerals". NASA. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
Further reading
- Bonewitz, Ronald Louis (2005). Rock and Gem. New York: DK Publishing.
ISBN 978-0-7566-3342-4.
External links
Media related to Feldspar at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Feldspar at Wikimedia CommonsAuthority control  |
|
|---|
