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When Senator Bernie Sanders announced his campaign for the presidency, the term “Democratic Socialism” has been heavily thrown around in political discourse. However, people who believe in Sanders’s “Democratic Socialism” are often liberal, while those who are actual Democratic Socialists, often criticize liberals. In part, the reason is that Democratic Socialism would nonetheless mean further democratization and public ownership of the economy than currently exists. On the other hand, public ownership of the main productive assets is limited in comparison to what it could be in Social Democracy.

I think [democratic socialism] means the government has got to play a very important role in making sure that as a right of citizenship all of our people have healthcare; that as a right, all of our kids, regardless of income, have quality childcare, are able to go to college without going deeply into debt; that it means we do not allow large corporations and moneyed interests to destroy our environment; that we create a government in which it is not dominated by big money interest.

-- Bernie Sanders in Democracy Now!, "Vermont’s Bernie Sanders Becomes First Socialist Elected to U.S. Senate", Story, 8, November 2006 [link].

From the above statement, the questions remain as follows:

1. What is the difference (if so) between Democratic Socialism and Social Democracy?




2. Where do Social Democracies fit into the vision for Democratic Socialism?;

First of all, at risk of stating the obvious, I think it is important to be clear that terms like these, especially democratic socialism, have politically contested meanings. To understand what is meant by them, it is important to look closely at who is using the term and who their intended audience is. It is also helpful to keep in mind that the meanings of these terms have changed over time.

The concept of "social democracy" is the older of the two, by about a century. It was originally popularized by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), which was formed in 1863. Their initial platform called for basic rights we associate with social democracy today. However at the same time, the platform was explicitly socialist and anti-capitalist. Karl Marx famously critiqued that original platform, but the party also continued to engage and identify with Marxism over time.

The term "democratic socialism" is newer and, at least until very recently, has never been quite as widely used. In the early 1970s, the declining Socialist Party of America took on the name Social Democrats, USA. A prominent defector from the party at that time, Michael Harrington led the formation a committee which later became the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA). The split was essentially about their stance towards capitalism, which the Social Democrats defended. The DSA supports similar social democratic reforms, but also seeks to replace capitalism. Although the DSA remained small for decades, it has grown dramatically in recent years and has been closely tied to the Sanders campaign.

As a result, I would say that in the United States today, social democracy refers to a familiar set of pro-welfare policies. Some supporters of those policies ("social democrats") see these policies as a way of reforming and strengthening capitalism. Other supporters of very similar policies ("democratic socialists") see them as a step toward replacing capitalism with socialism.

Is Bernie Sanders a social democrat then, or a democratic socialist? In my opinion, he is intentionally ambiguous about that because he wants and needs support from both groups. The DSA and other democratic socialists hope to further their goals through his campaign, even if many suspect he is more of a social democrat in his own views.

Social Democracy

Social democracy is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and a capitalist economy.

Democratic Socialism

Democratic socialism is a political philosophy that advocates political democracy alongside social ownership of the means of production,[1] with an emphasis on self-management and democratic management of economic institutions within a market or some form of decentralized planned socialist economy.

Both of these systems largely subscribe to the views of liberal democracy, which is...

characterised by elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, a market economy with private property, and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties and political freedoms for all people.

With the key distinguishing feature being that Social Democracy prescribes some social interventions within a largely Capitalist system, while Democratic Socialism prescribes a Socialist planned economy (which makes Democratic Socialism misaligned with liberal democracy on one trait).

I find it clear that Bernie Sanders is a Social Democrat on policy. His economic policies prescribe some social intervention to a Capitalist system (for example, he doesn't propose socialized ownership of the economy, but he does propose raising the top marginal tax rate and expanding some social programs), and they largely mirror the economics of mid-20th century America and present day Nordic Model countries, which can generally be classified as Social Democracies. I think that Bernie Sanders has mislabeled himself, and should be labeled as a Social Democrat. But being that distinctions between these two systems were uncommon knowledge in America year 2016 and prior, I find this an understandable mistake.

Lenin distinguished between Communism and Socialism in the following two ways:

In Socialism: from each according to their ability, to each according to their labour.

In Communism: from each according to their ability, to each according to their need.

Within Socialism there are many different currents, due to the fact it has been an international political movement and hence must take into account the myriadly various circumstances which each polity find itself in.

The online (and print) magazine, Jacobin, for example describes both Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders as being on the left; but whereas it describes Elizabeth Warren as a left liberal, it describes Bernie Sanders as a Socialist - mainly because it seems that he doesn’t hold the market concept as central, and in many areas of life even a problem; whereas Elizabeth Warren is comfortable with markets.