Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Roosevelt/Wallace, red denotes states won by Willkie/McNary. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Franklin D. Roosevelt
Elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt
The United States presidential election of 1940 was the 39th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1940. The election was contested in the shadow of World War II in Europe, as the United States was emerging from the Great Depression. Incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican businessman Wendell Willkie to be re-reelected for a third term in office.
Roosevelt did not openly campaign for re-nomination, but he and his allies sought to defuse challenges from other party leaders like James Farley and Vice President John Nance Garner. The 1940 Democratic National Convention re-nominated Roosevelt on the first ballot, while Garner was replaced on the ticket by Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace. Willkie, a dark horse candidate, defeated conservative Senator Robert A. Taft and prosecutor Thomas E. Dewey on the sixth presidential ballot of the 1940 Republican National Convention.
Roosevelt, acutely aware of strong isolationist and non-interventionism sentiment, promised there would be no involvement in foreign wars if he were re-elected. Willkie, who had not previously run for public office, conducted an energetic campaign and managed to revive Republican strength in areas of the Midwest and Northeast. He criticized perceived incompetence and waste in the New Deal, warned of the dangers of breaking the two-term tradition, and accused Roosevelt of secretly planning to take the country into World War II. Willkie was damaged by his association with big business, as many working class voters blamed business leaders for the onset of the Great Depression.
Roosevelt led in all pre-election polls and won a comfortable victory, though his margins were less decisive than they had been in 1932 and 1936. He maintained his strong support from labor unions, urban political machines, ethnic minority voters, and the traditionally Democratic Solid South.
Contents 1 Nominations 1.1 Democratic Party 1.2 Republican Party 2 General election 2.1 Polling 2.2 The fall campaign 2.3 Results 2.4 Geography of results 2.4.1 Cartographic gallery 2.4.2 Results by state 2.5 Close states 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Nominations Democratic Party Main article: 1940 Democratic National Convention
Democratic Party Ticket, 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt Henry A. Wallace for President for Vice President (1933–1945) 11th(1933–1940) Campaign
Democratic candidates
Convention vote President Vice President Y Franklin D. Roosevelt 946 Y Henry A. Wallace 626 72 329 61 68 9 11 5 7 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 0.5
Throughout the winter, spring, and summer of 1940, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would break with longstanding tradition and run for an unprecedented third term. The two-term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the Constitution, had been established by George Washington when he refused to run for a third term in 1796; other former presidents, such as Ulysses S. Grant in 1880 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 had made serious attempts to run for a third term, but the former failed to be nominated, while the latter, forced to run on a third-party ticket, lost to Woodrow Wilson due to the split in the Republican vote. President Roosevelt refused to give a definitive statement as to his willingness to be a candidate again, and he even indicated to some ambitious Democrats, such as James Farley, that he would not run for a third term and that they could seek the Democratic nomination. However, as Nazi Germany swept through Western Europe and menaced the United Kingdom in the summer of 1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat the popular Willkie.[3]
At the July 1940 Democratic Convention in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and John Nance Garner, his Vice-President. Garner was a Texas conservative who had turned against Roosevelt in his second term because of his liberal economic and social policies. As a result, Roosevelt decided to pick a new running mate, Henry A. Wallace from Iowa, his Secretary of Agriculture and an outspoken liberal. That choice was strenuously opposed by many of the party's conservatives, who felt Wallace was too radical and "eccentric" in his private life to be an effective running mate (he practiced New Age spiritual beliefs, and often consulted with the controversial Russian spiritual guru Nicholas Roerich). But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace on the ticket he would decline re-nomination, and when First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt came to Chicago to vouch for Wallace, he won the vice-presidential nomination with 626 votes to 329 for House Speaker William B. Bankhead of Alabama.[4]
Republican Party Main articles: Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1940 and 1940 Republican National Convention
Republican Party Ticket, 1940 Wendell Willkie Charles L. McNary for President for Vice President President of(1933–1940) (1933–1940 & 1941–1944) Campaign
Republican candidates
Presidential Balloting, Republican Convention 1940[5] Ballot → 1 2 3 4 5 6 before after 105 171 259 306 429 655 √ 998 189 203 212 254 377 318 — 360 338 315 250 57 11 — 76 73 72 61 42 — — 74 66 59 56 59 — — 44 26 — — — — — 34 34 28 26 4 — — 33 30 11 4 1 1 — 17 21 32 31 20 10 — 28 9 1 1 — — — Scattering / Blank 40 29 11 11 11 5 2
Vice Presidential Balloting, Republican Convention 1940 √ 848 108 2
In the months leading up to the opening of the 1940 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Republican Party was deeply divided between the party's isolationists, who wanted to stay out of World War II at all costs, and the party's interventionists, who felt that the United Kingdom needed to be given all aid short of war to prevent Nazi Germany from conquering all of Europe. The three leading candidates for the Republican nomination - Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg from Michigan, and District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey from New York - were all isolationists to varying degrees.[6]
Taft was the leader of the conservative, isolationist wing of the Republican Party, and his main strength was in his native Midwestern United States and parts of the Southern United States. Dewey, the District Attorney for Manhattan, had risen to national fame as the "Gangbuster" prosecutor who had sent numerous infamous Mafia figures to prison, most notably Lucky Luciano, the organized-crime boss of New York City. Dewey had won most of the presidential primaries in the spring of 1940, and he came into the Republican Convention in June with the largest number of delegate votes, although he was still well below the number needed to win. Vandenberg, the senior Republican in the Senate, was the "favorite son" candidate of the Michigan delegation and was considered a possible compromise candidate if Taft or Dewey faltered. Former President Herbert Hoover was also spoken of as a compromise candidate.
However, each of these candidates had weaknesses that could be exploited. Taft's outspoken isolationism and opposition to any American involvement in the European war convinced many Republican leaders that he could not win a general election, particularly as France fell to the Nazis in May 1940 and Germany threatened the United Kingdom. Dewey's relative youth—he was only 38 in 1940—and lack of any foreign-policy experience caused his candidacy to weaken as the Wehrmacht emerged as a fearsome threat. In 1940, Vandenberg was also an isolationist (he would change his foreign-policy stance during World War II) and his lackadaisical, lethargic campaign never caught the voters' attention. Hoover still bore the stigma of having presided over the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression. This left an opening for a dark horse candidate to emerge.[7]
Wendell Willkie for President campaign button.
A Wall Street-based industrialist named Wendell Willkie, who had never before run for public office, emerged as the unlikely nominee. Willkie, a native of Indiana and a former Democrat who had supported Franklin Roosevelt in the United States presidential election, 1932, was considered an improbable choice. Willkie had first come to public attention as an articulate critic of Roosevelt's attempt to break up electrical power monopolies.
Willkie was the CEO of the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which provided electrical power to customers in eleven states. In 1933, President Roosevelt had created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which promised to provide flood control and cheap electricity to the impoverished people of the Tennessee Valley. However, the government-run TVA would compete with Willkie's Commonwealth & Southern, and this led Willkie to criticize and oppose the TVA's attempt to compete with private power companies. Willkie argued that the government had unfair advantages over private corporations, and should thus avoid competing directly against them.[8]
However, Willkie did not dismiss all of Roosevelt's social welfare programs, indeed supporting those he believed could not be managed any better by the free enterprise system. Furthermore, unlike the leading Republican candidates, Willkie was a forceful and outspoken advocate of aid to the Allies of World War II, especially the United Kingdom. His support of giving all aid to the British "short of declaring war" won him the support of many Republicans on the East Coast of the United States, who disagreed with their party's isolationist leaders in Congress.
Willkie's persuasive arguments impressed these Republicans, who believed that he would be an attractive presidential candidate. Many of the leading press barons of the era, such as Ogden Reid of the New York Herald Tribune , Roy Howard of the Scripps-Howard newspaper chain and John and Gardner Cowles, Jr. publishers of the Minneapolis Star and the Minneapolis Tribune , as well as The Des Moines Register and Look magazine, supported Willkie in their newspapers and magazines. Even so, Willkie remained a long-shot candidate; the May 8 Gallup Poll showed Dewey at 67% support among Republicans, followed by Vandenberg and Taft, with Willkie at only 3%.
The German Army's rapid Blitzkrieg campaign into France in May 1940 shook American public opinion, even as Taft was telling a Kansas audience that America needed to concentrate on domestic issues to prevent Roosevelt from using the war crisis to extend socialism at home. Both Dewey and Vandenberg also continued to oppose any aid to the United Kingdom that might lead to war with Nazi Germany. Nevertheless, sympathy for the embattled British was mounting daily, and this aided Willkie's candidacy. By mid-June, little over one week before the Republican Convention opened, the Gallup poll reported that Willkie had moved into second place with 17%, and that Dewey was slipping. Fueled by his favorable media attention, Willkie's pro-British statements won over many of the delegates. As the delegates were arriving in Philadelphia, Gallup reported that Willkie had surged to 29%, Dewey had slipped five more points to 47%, and Taft, Vandenberg and Hoover trailed at 8%, 8%, and 6% respectively.
Hundreds of thousands, perhaps as many as one million, telegrams urging support for Willkie poured in, many from "Willkie Clubs" that had sprung up across the country. Millions more signed petitions circulating everywhere. At the 1940 Republican National Convention itself, keynote speaker Harold Stassen, the Governor of Minnesota, announced his support for Willkie and became his official floor manager. Hundreds of vocal Willkie supporters packed the upper galleries of the convention hall. Willkie's amateur status and fresh face appealed to delegates as well as voters. Most of the delegations were selected not by primaries, but by party leaders in each state, and they had a keen sense of the fast-changing pulse of public opinion. Gallup found the same thing in polling data not reported until after the convention: Willkie had moved ahead among Republican voters by 44% to only 29% for the collapsing Dewey. As the pro-Willkie galleries chanted "We Want Willkie!" the delegates on the convention floor began their vote. Dewey led on the first ballot, but steadily lost strength thereafter. Both Taft and Willkie gained in strength on each ballot, and by the fourth ballot it was obvious that either Willkie or Taft would be the nominee. The key moments came when the delegations of large states such as Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York left Dewey and Vandenberg and switched to Willkie, giving him the victory on the sixth ballot.[9]
Willkie's nomination was one of the most dramatic moments in any political convention.[10] Having given little thought to whom he would select as his vice-presidential nominee, Willkie left the decision to convention chairman and Massachusetts Representative Joseph Martin, the House Minority Leader, who suggested Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary from Oregon. Despite the fact that McNary had spearheaded a "Stop Willkie" campaign late in the balloting, the convention picked him to be Willkie's running mate.[11]
General election Polling The Gallup Poll accurately predicted the election outcome.[12] However, the American Institute of Public Opinion, responsible for the Gallup Poll, avoided predicting the outcome, citing a four percent margin of error.[13] The Gallup Poll also found that, if there was no war in Europe, voters preferred Willkie over Roosevelt.[12]
The fall campaign
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Roosevelt (Democratic) and shades of red are for Willkie (Republican).
Willkie crusaded against Roosevelt's attempt to break the two-term presidential tradition, arguing that "if one man is indispensable, then none of us is free." Even some Democrats who had supported Roosevelt in the past disapproved of his attempt to win a third term, and Willkie hoped to win their votes. Willkie also criticized what he claimed was the incompetence and waste in Roosevelt's New Deal welfare programs. He stated that as president he would keep most of Roosevelt's government programs, but would make them more efficient.[14]
However, many Americans still blamed business leaders for the Great Depression, and the fact that Willkie symbolized "Big Business" hurt him with many working-class voters. Willkie was a fearless campaigner; he often visited industrial areas where Republicans were still blamed for causing the Great Depression and where Roosevelt was highly popular. In these areas, Willkie frequently had rotten fruit and vegetables thrown at him and was heckled by crowds; still, he was unfazed.[15]
Willkie also accused Roosevelt of leaving the nation unprepared for war, but Roosevelt's military buildup and transformation of the nation into the "Arsenal of Democracy" removed the "unpreparedness" charge as a major issue. Willkie then reversed his approach and charged Roosevelt with secretly planning to take the nation into World War II. This accusation did cut into Roosevelt's support. In response, Roosevelt, in a pledge that he would later regret, promised that he would "not send American boys into any foreign wars." The United Kingdom actively intervened throughout the election against isolationism.[16]
Results Roosevelt led in all pre-election opinion polls by various margins. On Election Day—November 5, 1940, he received 27.3 million votes to Willkie's 22.3 million, and in the Electoral College, he defeated Willkie by a margin of 449 to 82. Willkie did get over six million more votes than the Republican nominee in 1936, Alf Landon, and he ran strong in rural areas in the American Midwest, taking over 57% of the farm vote. Roosevelt, meanwhile, carried every American city with a population of more than 400,000 except Cincinnati, Ohio. Of the 106 cities with more than 100,000 population, he won 61% of the votes cast; in the Southern United States as a whole, he won 73% of the total vote. In the remainder of the country (the rural and small-town Northern United States), Willkie had a majority of 53%. In the cities, there was a class differential, with the white-collar and middle-class voters supporting the Republican candidate, and working class, blue-collar voters going for FDR. In the North, Roosevelt won 87% of the Jewish vote, 73% of the Catholics, and 61% of the nonmembers, while all the major Protestant denominations showed majorities for Willkie.[17]
Of the 3,094 counties/independent cities, Roosevelt won in 1,947 (62.93%) while Willkie carried 1,147 (37.07%).
As a result of Willkie's gains, Roosevelt became the second of only three presidents in United States history to win re-election with a lower percentage of both the electoral vote and the popular vote than in the prior election, preceded by James Madison in 1812 and followed by Barack Obama in 2012. Andrew Jackson in 1832 and Grover Cleveland in 1892 received more electoral votes but fewer popular votes, while Woodrow Wilson in 1916 received more popular votes but fewer electoral votes.
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Franklin D. Roosevelt (Incumbent) 27,313,945 54.74% 449 Henry A. Wallace 449 Wendell Willkie 22,347,744 44.78% 82 Charles L. McNary 82 Norman Thomas 116,599 0.23% 0 Maynard C. Krueger 0 Roger Babson 57,903 0.12% 0 Edgar Moorman 0 Earl Browder 48,557 0.10% 0 James Ford 0 John W. Aiken 14,883 0.03% 0 Aaron M. Orange 0 Other 2,482 0.00% — Other — Total 49,902,113 100% 531 531 Needed to win 266 266
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1940 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 31, 2005 .
Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005 .
Popular vote Roosevelt
54.74% Willkie
44.78% Thomas
0.23% Others
0.25%
Electoral vote Roosevelt
84.56% Willkie
15.44%
Geography of results Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
Cartographic gallery Presidential election results by county
Democratic presidential election results by county
Republican presidential election results by county
"Other" presidential election results by county
Results by state [18]
States won by Roosevelt/Wallace States won by Willkie/McNary
Franklin D. Roosevelt Wendell Willkie Norman Thomas Other Margin State Total State electoral # % electoral # % electoral # % electoral # % electoral # % # 11 250,726 85.22 11 42,184 14.34 - 100 0.03 - 1,209 0.41 - 208,542 70.88 294,219 AL 3 95,267 63.49 3 54,030 36.01 - - - - 742 0.49 - 41,237 27.48 150,039 AZ 9 158,622 79.02 9 42,121 20.98 - - - - - - - 116,501 58.03 200,743 AR 22 1,877,618 57.44 22 1,351,419 41.34 - 16,506 0.50 - 23,248 0.71 - 526,199 16.10 3,268,791 CA 6 265,554 48.37 - 279,576 50.92 6 1,899 0.35 - 1,975 0.36 - -14,022 -2.55 549,004 CO 8 417,621 53.44 8 361,819 46.30 - - - - 2,062 0.26 - 55,802 7.14 781,502 CT 3 74,599 54.70 3 61,440 45.05 - 115 0.08 - 220 0.16 - 13,159 9.65 136,374 DE 7 359,334 74.01 7 126,158 25.99 - - - - - - - 233,176 48.03 485,492 FL 12 265,194 84.85 12 46,360 14.83 - - - - 997 0.32 - 218,834 70.02 312,551 GA 4 127,842 54.36 4 106,553 45.31 - 497 0.21 - 276 0.12 - 21,289 9.05 235,168 ID 29 2,149,934 50.97 29 2,047,240 48.54 - 10,914 0.26 - 9,847 0.23 - 102,694 2.43 4,217,935 IL 14 874,063 49.03 - 899,466 50.45 14 2,075 0.12 - 7,143 0.40 - -25,403 -1.42 1,782,747 IN 11 578,800 47.62 - 632,370 52.03 11 - - - 4,260 0.35 - -53,570 -4.41 1,215,430 IA 9 364,725 42.40 - 489,169 56.86 9 2,347 0.27 - 4,056 0.47 - -124,444 -14.47 860,297 KS 11 557,222 57.44 11 410,384 42.30 - 1,014 0.10 - 1,443 0.15 - 146,838 15.14 970,063 KY 10 319,751 85.88 10 52,446 14.09 - - - - 108 0.03 - 267,305 71.80 372,305 LA 5 156,478 48.77 - 163,951 51.10 5 - - - 411 0.13 - -7,473 -2.33 320,840 ME 8 384,546 58.25 8 269,534 40.83 - 4,093 0.62 - 1,944 0.29 - 115,012 17.42 660,117 MD 17 1,076,522 53.11 17 939,700 46.36 - 4,091 0.20 - 6,680 0.33 - 136,822 6.75 2,026,993 MA 19 1,032,991 49.52 - 1,039,917 49.85 19 7,593 0.36 - 5,428 0.26 - -6,926 -0.33 2,085,929 MI 11 644,196 51.49 11 596,274 47.66 - 5,454 0.44 - 5,264 0.42 - 47,922 3.83 1,251,188 MN 9 168,267 95.70 9 7,364 4.19 - 193 0.11 - - - - 160,903 91.51 175,824 MS 15 958,476 52.27 15 871,009 47.50 - 2,226 0.12 - 2,018 0.11 - 87,467 4.77 1,833,729 MO 4 145,698 58.78 4 99,579 40.17 - 1,443 0.58 - 1,153 0.47 - 46,119 18.61 247,873 MT 7 263,677 42.81 - 352,201 57.19 7 - - - - - - -88,524 -14.37 615,878 NE 3 31,945 60.08 3 21,229 39.92 - - - - - - - 10,716 20.15 53,174 NV 4 125,292 53.22 4 110,127 46.78 - - - - - - - 15,165 6.44 235,419 NH 16 1,016,404 51.48 16 944,876 47.86 - 2,823 0.14 - 10,111 0.51 - 71,528 3.62 1,974,214 NJ 3 103,699 56.59 3 79,315 43.28 - 144 0.08 - 100 0.05 - 24,384 13.31 183,258 NM 47 3,251,918 51.60 47 3,027,478 48.04 - 18,950 0.30 - 3,250 0.05 - 224,440 3.56 6,301,596 NY 13 609,015 74.03 13 213,633 25.97 - - - - - - - 395,382 48.06 822,648 NC 4 124,036 44.18 - 154,590 55.06 4 1,279 0.46 - 870 0.31 - -30,554 -10.88 280,775 ND 26 1,733,139 52.20 26 1,586,773 47.80 - - - - - - - 146,366 4.41 3,319,912 OH 11 474,313 57.41 11 348,872 42.23 - - - - 3,027 0.37 - 125,441 15.18 826,212 OK 5 258,415 53.70 5 219,555 45.62 - 398 0.08 - 2,872 0.60 - 38,860 8.07 481,240 OR 36 2,171,035 53.23 36 1,889,848 46.33 - 10,967 0.27 - 6,864 0.17 - 281,187 6.89 4,078,714 PA 4 182,182 56.73 4 138,653 43.17 - - - - 313 0.10 - 43,529 13.55 321,148 RI 8 95,470 95.63 8 4,360 4.37 - 2 0.00 - - - - 91,110 91.26 99,832 SC 4 131,362 42.59 - 177,065 57.41 4 - - - - - - -45,703 -14.82 308,427 SD 11 351,601 67.25 11 169,153 32.35 - 463 0.09 - 1,606 0.31 - 182,448 34.90 522,823 TN 23 909,974 80.92 23 212,692 18.91 - 728 0.06 - 1,137 0.10 - 697,282 62.01 1,124,531 TX 4 154,277 62.25 4 93,151 37.59 - 200 0.08 - 191 0.08 - 61,126 24.67 247,819 UT 3 64,269 44.92 - 78,371 54.78 3 - - - 422 0.30 - -14,102 -9.86 143,062 VT 11 235,961 68.08 11 109,363 31.55 - 282 0.08 - 1,001 0.29 - 126,598 36.52 346,607 VA 8 462,145 58.22 8 322,123 40.58 - 4,586 0.58 - 4,979 0.63 - 140,022 17.64 793,833 WA 8 495,662 57.10 8 372,414 42.90 - - - - - - - 123,248 14.20 868,076 WV 12 704,821 50.15 12 679,206 48.32 - 15,071 1.07 - 6,424 0.46 - 25,615 1.82 1,405,522 WI 3 59,287 52.82 3 52,633 46.89 - 148 0.13 - 172 0.15 - 6,654 5.93 112,240 WY TOTALS: 531 27,313,945 54.74 449 22,347,744 44.78 82 116,599 0.23 - 123,825 0.25 - 4,966,201 9.95 49,902,113 US
Close states Margin of victory less than 1% (19 electoral votes):
Michigan , 0.33%Margin of victory less than 5% (192 electoral votes):
Indiana , 1.42%Wisconsin , 1.82%Maine , 2.33%Illinois , 2.43%Colorado , 2.55%New York , 3.56%New Jersey , 3.62%Minnesota , 3.83%Iowa , 4.41%Ohio , 4.41%Missouri , 4.77%Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (83 electoral votes):
Wyoming , 5.93% New Hampshire , 6.44% Massachusetts , 6.75% Pennsylvania , 6.89% Connecticut , 7.14% Oregon , 8.07% Idaho , 9.05% Delaware , 9.65% Vermont , 9.86% See also United States House elections, 1940 United States Senate elections, 1940 History of the United States (1918–45) Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt The Plot Against America , a 2004 alternative history by Philip Roth, premised on the 1940 defeat of Roosevelt by Charles LindberghBring The Jubilee , a 1953 alternative history novel by Warde Moore, set in a universe where the Confederacy won the American Civil War, where the election is contested by Whig candidate Thomas E. Dewey and Populist candidate Jennings Lewis.References ^ "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections". The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara. ^ a b "U. S. Electoral College". Archives.gov . Retrieved 2016-08-18 . ^ James MacGregor Burns Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956) pp 408-30. ^ Richard Moe, Roosevelt's Second Act: The Election of 1940 and the Politics of War (2013). ^ Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records (1973), pp. 254–256. ^ Michael D. Bowen, The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party (2011). ^ Susan Dunn, 1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler-the Election Amid the Storm (Yale UP, 2013). ^ Steve Neal, Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie (1989) ^ Henry Z. Scheele, "The Nomination of Wendell Willkie." Communication Quarterly 16.4 (1968): 45-50. ^ Charles Peters, Five Days in Philadelphia: 1940, Wendell Willkie, FDR and the Political Convention That Won World War II (2006) pp 1-5. ^ Steve Neal, McNary of Oregon: A Political Biography (1985). ^ a b Gallup, George (January 1941). "Was I Right About Roosevelt?". Coronet . Old Magazine Articles. Retrieved 2016-08-18 . ^ Katz, Daniel (March 1941). "The Public Opinion Polls and the 1940 Election". The Public Opinion Quarterly . Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 52–78 ^ John W. Jeffries, A Third Term for FDR: The Election of 1940 (2017) ^ * Evjen, Henry O. "The Willkie Campaign; An Unfortunate Chapter in Republican Leadership", Journal of Politics (1952) 14#2 pp. 241–56 in JSTOR ^ Usdin, Steve (16 January 2017). "When a Foreign Government Interfered in a U.S. Election — to Reelect FDR". Politico . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . ^ Richard Jensen, "The Cities Reelect Roosevelt" p 189-90 ^ "1940 Presidential General Election Data - National". Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved April 14, 2013 . Further reading Barnard, Ellsworth . Wendell Willkie: Fighter for Freedom (1966) Bowen, Michael D. The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party (U of North Carolina Press, 2011). Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956)Cole, Wayne S. Cole, Wayne S. America First: The Battle against Intervention, 1940–41 (1953) Cole, Wayne S. Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle against American Intervention in World War II (1974) Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History (2015) pp. 153-66. Divine, Robert A. Foreign Policy and US Presidential Elections: 1940-1948. Vol. 1 (1974). Doenecke, Justus D. Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939–1941 (2000). Doenecke, Justus D. The Battle Against Intervention, 1939–1941 (1997), includes short narrative and primary documents. Dunn, Susan. 1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler-the Election Amid the Storm (Yale UP, 2013). Evjen, Henry O. "The Willkie Campaign; An Unfortunate Chapter in Republican Leadership", Journal of Politics (1952) 14#2 pp. 241–56 in JSTOR Gamm, Gerald H. The making of the New Deal Democrats: Voting behavior and realignment in Boston, 1920-1940 (U of Chicago Press, 1989). The Undeclared War, 1940–1941 1953 Policy toward war in Europe; pro FDRGrant, Philip A., Jr. "The Presidential Election of 1940 in Missouri." Missouri Historical Review 1988 83(1) pp 1–16. Abstract: Missouri serves as a good barometer of nationwide political sentiment; The two major political parties considered Missouri a key state in the 1940 presidential election. Wendell Willkie captured 64 of the state's 114 counties, but huge majorities in the urban counties carried the state for Franklin D. Roosevelt. Jeffries, John W. A Third Term for FDR: The Election of 1940 (University Press of Kansas, 2017). xiv, 264 pp. Jensen, Richard. "The cities reelect Roosevelt: Ethnicity, religion, and class in 1940." Ethnicity. An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Study of Ethnic Relations (1981) 8#2 pp 189-195. Jonas, Manfred. Isolationism in America, 1935–1941 (1966). Katz, Daniel. "The public opinion polls and the 1940 election." Public Opinion Quarterly 5.1 (1941) 52-78. Luconi, Stefano. "Machine Politics and the Consolidation of the Roosevelt Majority: The Case of Italian Americans in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia." Journal of American Ethnic History (1996) 32-59. in JSTOR Moe, Richard. Roosevelt's Second Act: The Election of 1940 and the Politics of War (Oxford UP, 2013). Neal, Steve. Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie (1989) Overacker, Louise. "Campaign finance in the Presidential Election of 1940." American Political Science Review 35.4 (1941): 701-727. in JSTOR Parmet, Herbert S., and Marie B. Hecht. Never again: A president runs for a third term (1968). Peters, Charles. Five Days in Philadelphia: 1940, Wendell Willkie, FDR and the Political Convention That Won World War II (2006). Robinson, Edgar Eugene. They Voted for Roosevelt: The Presidential Vote 1932-1944 (1947). Election returns by County for every state. Ross, Hugh. "John L. Lewis and the Election of 1940." Labor History 1976 17(2) 160–189. Abstract: The breach between John L. Lewis and Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 stemmed from domestic and foreign policy concerns. The struggle to organize the steel industry, and after 1938, business attempts to erode Walsh-Healy and the Fair Labor Standards Act provided the backdrop for the feud. But activities of Nazi agents, working through William Rhodes Davis, increased Lewis' suspicions of Roosevelt's interventionist foreign policy and were important in the decision to support Wendell Willkie. Savage, Sean J. "The 1936-1944 Campaigns," in William D. Pederson, ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 96-113 online Schneider, James C. Should America Go to War? The Debate over Foreign Policy in Chicago, 1939–1941 (1989) External links Encyclopædia Britannica 1940 popular vote by counties Election of 1940 in Counting the Votes (1936 ←) United States presidential election, 1940 (→ 1944)
Democratic Party Convention
Nominee VP nominee Candidates James Farley John Nance Garner Cordell Hull Millard Tydings
Republican Party Convention
Nominee VP nominee Candidates Styles Bridges Thomas Dewey Frank Gannett Arthur James Robert Taft Arthur H. Vandenberg
Prohibition Party
Socialist Party
Socialist Labor Party
Independents and other candidates
Other 1940 elections : HouseSenate
State Results of the 1940 U.S. presidential election
Candidates Franklin D. Roosevelt Wendell Willkie Norman Thomas Full list General Election timeline Democratic primaries Republican primaries Republican Convention Democratic Convention Debates Local Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Other 1940
Franklin D. Roosevelt
*_44th_Governor_of_New_York_(1929–1932)32nd President of the United States (1933–1945) 44th Governor of New York (1929–1932) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (1913–1920) New York State Senator (1911–1913) Presidency Inaugurations (1st 2nd 3rd 4th) overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Administration Emergency Banking Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Aid to Families with Dependent Children Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practices Commission Indian Reorganization Act War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German-American internment Italian-American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. Bill of Rights Cullen–Harrison Act Roerich Pact Black Cabinet Jefferson's Birthday holiday Judicial Court-Packing Bill Cabinet "Brain Trust" Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Presidential U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933 U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934 Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945) Montevideo Convention (1933) Second London Naval Treaty (1936) ABCD line (1940) Export Control Act Four Policemen Lend-Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Atlantic Charter (1941) Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgentau Plan support Presidential Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech "Four Freedoms" Infamy Speech Arsenal of Democracy "...is fear itself" Fireside chats "Look to Norway" Quarantine Speech "The More Abundant Life" Second Bill of Rights State of the Union Address (1934 1938 1939 1940 1941 1945) Other events Early life, education, career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York Business Plot Assassination attempt Elections New York state election, 1928 1930 Democratic National Convention, 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 United States presidential election, 1920 1936 1940 1944 Life and homes "Springwood" birthplace, home, and gravesite Campobello home Paralytic illness Top Cottage Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia Legacy Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Study Center Four Freedoms Award Four Freedoms paintingsUnfinished portrait U.S. Postage stamps Roosevelt dime FilmsThe Roosevelt Story 1947 Sunrise at Campobello 1960 Eleanor and Franklin 1976 , The White House Years 1977 World War II: When Lions Roared Warm Springs 2005 Hyde Park on Hudson 2012 The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Other namesakes (wife) (daughter) (son) (son) (son) (son) (granddaughter) (grandson) (granddaughter) (grandson) (grandson) (grandson) (father) (mother) (half-brother) (grandfather) (great-grandfather) (family dog) ← Herbert Hoover Harry S. Truman →
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