Indigenous peoples of South America


This article is about the indigenous peoples of South America. For other indigenous peoples, see List of indigenous peoples.


























Indigenous peoples of South America
Total population
Approximately 32 million

 Bolivia
7.02 million (2016 est.)[1]

 Peru
5.9 million (2017)[2]

 Ecuador
4.5 million (2016 est.)[3]

 Chile
2.0 million (2012)[4]

 Colombia
1.4 million (2005)[5]

 Argentina
1.32 million (2016 est.)[6]

 Brazil
817,963 (2010)[7]

 Venezuela
524,000[8]

 Paraguay
95,235[9]

 Guyana
c. 60,000[10]

 French Guiana
c. 19,000[11]

 Suriname
c. 12,000–24,000
Languages

Indigenous languages of the Americas, English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Dutch
Religion

  • Native American religion

  • Christianity

  • others




Guaraní holding maraca and cross, Paraguay, 2006


The indigenous peoples of South America are the Pre-Columbian peoples of South America and their descendants. These peoples contrast with South Americans of European ancestry.


In Spanish, indigenous people are often referred to as indígenas or pueblos indígenas (lit. indigenous peoples). They may also be called pueblos nativos or nativos (lit. native peoples). The term aborigen (lit. aborigine) is used in Argentina, and pueblos aborígenes (lit. aboriginal peoples) is commonly used in Chile. The English term "Amerindian" (short for "Indians of the Americas") is often used in the Guianas. People of mixed European and indigenous descent are usually referred to as mestizos.


It is believed that the first human populations of South America either arrived from Asia into North America via the Bering Land Bridge, and migrated southwards or alternatively from Polynesia across the Pacific.[12][13][14] The earliest generally accepted archaeological evidence for human habitation in South America dates to 14,000 years ago, the Monte Verde site in Southern Chile.[15] The descendents of these first inhabitants would become the indigenous populations of South America.


Before the Spanish colonization of the Americas, many of the indigenous peoples of South America were hunter-gatherers, and indeed many still are, especially in the Amazonian area. Others, especially the Andean cultures, practised sophisticated agriculture, utilized advanced irrigation and kept domesticated livestock, such as llamas and alpacas.[16][17][18] In the period after the initial arrival of Europeans in 1492 the indigenous population of South America fell rapidly due to a variety of factors, such as disease and warfare.[19]





Wayuu students in a library at Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela, 2012


In the present day, there are two South American countries where indigenous peoples constitute the largest ethnic group. These are Peru, where 45% are indigenous, and Bolivia, where 62% of people identify as feeling a part of some indigenous group.[20][21]


South American indigenous peoples include:


  • Indigenous peoples in Argentina

  • Indigenous peoples in Bolivia

  • Indigenous peoples in Brazil

  • Indigenous peoples in Chile

  • Indigenous peoples in Colombia

  • Indigenous peoples in Ecuador

  • Indigenous peoples in French Guiana

  • Indigenous peoples in Guyana

  • Indigenous peoples in Paraguay

  • Indigenous peoples in Peru

  • Indigenous peoples in Suriname

  • Indigenous peoples in Uruguay

  • Indigenous peoples in Venezuela


See also


  • Indigenous peoples of the Americas

  • Wars involving indigenous peoples of South America


References




  1. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 23 February 2011..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF). Retrieved 22 September 2018.


  3. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ec.html


  4. ^ http://estudios.anda.cl/recursos/censo_2012.pdf[full citation needed]


  5. ^ DANE 2005 National Census


  6. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html


  7. ^ "2010 Census graphics of Brazil government". IBGE(Brazilian Institute of Geograph and Statistic. 2015-02-09.


  8. ^ "About this Collection" (PDF). The Library of Congress. Retrieved 29 July 2015.


  9. ^ "8 LIZCANO" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 2014-05-22.


  10. ^ Lector de Google Drive. Docs.google.com. Retrieved 12 July 2013.


  11. ^ [1] Archived 20 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.


  12. ^ "Study confirms Bering land bridge flooded later than previously believed". cyberwest.com. Retrieved 2017-02-22.


  13. ^ "Gongora et al. 2008".


  14. ^ http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1242. Missing or empty |title= (help)


  15. ^ Hey, Jody (2005-05-24). "On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas". PLOS Biology. 3 (6): e193. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1131883. PMID 15898833.


  16. ^ Earls, John. "The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture" (PDF). Retrieved 22 February 2017.


  17. ^ "4.1 Raised beds and waru waru cultivation". www.oas.org. Retrieved 2017-02-22.


  18. ^ Pinedo, Javier Blossiers. "AGRICULTURA DE LADERAS A TRAVÉS DE ANDENES, PERÚ" (PDF). Archived from the original on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)


  19. ^ "Massive Population Drop Found for Native Americans, DNA Shows". 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2017-02-24.


  20. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-24.


  21. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-24.




External links




  • ATLILLA – Association for Teaching and Learning Indigenous Languages of Latin America









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