Could stars form outside of galaxies?

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Is it possible for there to be a dense enough nebula to form stars outside of any galaxy? Does a galaxy have a minimum size to produce stars? Or could you have a few dozen stars clustered together by themselves?










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  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Think back -- how did the very first stars form?
    $endgroup$
    – Carl Witthoft
    Jan 30 at 18:39






  • 2




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    @CarlWitthoft Well yes; but conditions then were very different from "today's" intergalactic space. One can probably interpret the question as "can we observe it today happening at a not-too-great distance, i.e. not-too-long-ago".
    $endgroup$
    – Peter A. Schneider
    Jan 31 at 7:22















16












$begingroup$


Is it possible for there to be a dense enough nebula to form stars outside of any galaxy? Does a galaxy have a minimum size to produce stars? Or could you have a few dozen stars clustered together by themselves?










share|improve this question











$endgroup$







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Think back -- how did the very first stars form?
    $endgroup$
    – Carl Witthoft
    Jan 30 at 18:39






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @CarlWitthoft Well yes; but conditions then were very different from "today's" intergalactic space. One can probably interpret the question as "can we observe it today happening at a not-too-great distance, i.e. not-too-long-ago".
    $endgroup$
    – Peter A. Schneider
    Jan 31 at 7:22













16












16








16


3



$begingroup$


Is it possible for there to be a dense enough nebula to form stars outside of any galaxy? Does a galaxy have a minimum size to produce stars? Or could you have a few dozen stars clustered together by themselves?










share|improve this question











$endgroup$




Is it possible for there to be a dense enough nebula to form stars outside of any galaxy? Does a galaxy have a minimum size to produce stars? Or could you have a few dozen stars clustered together by themselves?







star star-formation intergalactic-space






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













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edited Jan 30 at 15:45









HDE 226868

19.8k265123




19.8k265123










asked Jan 30 at 10:15









Lorry Laurence mcLarryLorry Laurence mcLarry

31147




31147







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Think back -- how did the very first stars form?
    $endgroup$
    – Carl Witthoft
    Jan 30 at 18:39






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @CarlWitthoft Well yes; but conditions then were very different from "today's" intergalactic space. One can probably interpret the question as "can we observe it today happening at a not-too-great distance, i.e. not-too-long-ago".
    $endgroup$
    – Peter A. Schneider
    Jan 31 at 7:22












  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Think back -- how did the very first stars form?
    $endgroup$
    – Carl Witthoft
    Jan 30 at 18:39






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @CarlWitthoft Well yes; but conditions then were very different from "today's" intergalactic space. One can probably interpret the question as "can we observe it today happening at a not-too-great distance, i.e. not-too-long-ago".
    $endgroup$
    – Peter A. Schneider
    Jan 31 at 7:22







2




2




$begingroup$
Think back -- how did the very first stars form?
$endgroup$
– Carl Witthoft
Jan 30 at 18:39




$begingroup$
Think back -- how did the very first stars form?
$endgroup$
– Carl Witthoft
Jan 30 at 18:39




2




2




$begingroup$
@CarlWitthoft Well yes; but conditions then were very different from "today's" intergalactic space. One can probably interpret the question as "can we observe it today happening at a not-too-great distance, i.e. not-too-long-ago".
$endgroup$
– Peter A. Schneider
Jan 31 at 7:22




$begingroup$
@CarlWitthoft Well yes; but conditions then were very different from "today's" intergalactic space. One can probably interpret the question as "can we observe it today happening at a not-too-great distance, i.e. not-too-long-ago".
$endgroup$
– Peter A. Schneider
Jan 31 at 7:22










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















27












$begingroup$

Yes, stars can form outside galaxies if the conditions are right. An impressive example is D100, a galaxy that is moving through a cluster so fast that the ram pressure from the ambient gas forces galactic gas out of it leaving a long tail. That tail is dense and cold enough to allow star formation, and there are newly formed clusters in it.



D100



In principle star formation can happen anywhere where there is dense, cold gas that can collapse gravitationally. Stars can sometimes help by forcing gas together by radiation pressure. There are intergalactic gas clouds, but they are usually too hot. Dark matter halos are not great at capturing hot gas, but intra-cluster gas is losing energy from Bremsstrahlung so over time some of it would accumulate there.



Space is large, so no doubt there is some star formation happening in corners where gas clouds have cooled off remotely from galaxies. After all, that was how stars and galaxies once started.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$








  • 4




    $begingroup$
    What a coincidence - that image was the Astronomy Picture of the Day on Jan 28, and I was going to look for more info on this ...and then I find this answer! Thanks!
    $endgroup$
    – BruceWayne
    Jan 30 at 15:29










  • $begingroup$
    What's the difference between a nebula and an "intergalactic gas cloud"? Surely, shortly after the beginning, there was nothing but gas, that cooled and collapsed into the first stars, prior to which if there wasn't any stars there technically can't be any galaxies yet. I'm struggling to find the question in here that can't be answered by semantics. Isn't outside of any galaxy normally how stars are formed: in nebulae?
    $endgroup$
    – Mazura
    Jan 30 at 17:04










  • $begingroup$
    @Mazura - I don't think there is a strict difference between nebulae and gas clouds. But most galaxy formation happens inside gas clouds in galaxies.
    $endgroup$
    – Anders Sandberg
    Jan 30 at 17:56










  • $begingroup$
    The very last sentence is really all that's required. Nicely detailed, though.
    $endgroup$
    – Carl Witthoft
    Jan 30 at 18:40






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Very intriguing. Thanks for a new bit of knowledge about the world.
    $endgroup$
    – Peter A. Schneider
    Jan 31 at 7:34


















10












$begingroup$

It's quite possible for stars to form outside of galaxies, typically in environments where large amounts of gas have been stripped from a galaxy. This usually involves either a tidal interaction with another galaxy or the intracluster medium (ICM). In the latter group are a set of peculiar galaxies sometimes dubbed "jellyfish galaxies". Gas, dust and stars are being stripped away by ram pressure from the high-speed collision with the ICM, and some of this gas can then collapse to form star clusters in the gaseous tail behind the galaxy.



For some candidate intergalactic star formation regions, it's unclear whether the young, blue stars found in blue knots were ejected with the gas or formed from it, but it's still reasonable to assume that star formation will eventually take place in the cold gas clumps.



Notable examples of stars forming in gas stripped by ram pressure include:




  • D100, as mentioned by Anders Sandberg (Cramer et al. 2019)


  • The Comet Galaxy (Cortese et al. 2011)


  • ESO 137-001 (Sun et al. 2007)

In the other group, gaseous structures ejected during galaxy interactions can also form stars, under the right condition. The one notable example I'm aware of is the Leo Ring (Michel-Dansac et al. 2010), but I assume that other cases have been proposed.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    On a related note, I suppose stars formed outside galaxies would outnumber the extra-galactic "rogue" stars that were formed inside galaxies as members of triple (or larger) stellar systems that got flung out of their system due to gravitational instability. It's easy enough for such stars to have enough speed to leave their siblings, but I expect that in most cases they'd still be gravitationally bound to their galaxy.
    $endgroup$
    – PM 2Ring
    Jan 31 at 5:56










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2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









27












$begingroup$

Yes, stars can form outside galaxies if the conditions are right. An impressive example is D100, a galaxy that is moving through a cluster so fast that the ram pressure from the ambient gas forces galactic gas out of it leaving a long tail. That tail is dense and cold enough to allow star formation, and there are newly formed clusters in it.



D100



In principle star formation can happen anywhere where there is dense, cold gas that can collapse gravitationally. Stars can sometimes help by forcing gas together by radiation pressure. There are intergalactic gas clouds, but they are usually too hot. Dark matter halos are not great at capturing hot gas, but intra-cluster gas is losing energy from Bremsstrahlung so over time some of it would accumulate there.



Space is large, so no doubt there is some star formation happening in corners where gas clouds have cooled off remotely from galaxies. After all, that was how stars and galaxies once started.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$








  • 4




    $begingroup$
    What a coincidence - that image was the Astronomy Picture of the Day on Jan 28, and I was going to look for more info on this ...and then I find this answer! Thanks!
    $endgroup$
    – BruceWayne
    Jan 30 at 15:29










  • $begingroup$
    What's the difference between a nebula and an "intergalactic gas cloud"? Surely, shortly after the beginning, there was nothing but gas, that cooled and collapsed into the first stars, prior to which if there wasn't any stars there technically can't be any galaxies yet. I'm struggling to find the question in here that can't be answered by semantics. Isn't outside of any galaxy normally how stars are formed: in nebulae?
    $endgroup$
    – Mazura
    Jan 30 at 17:04










  • $begingroup$
    @Mazura - I don't think there is a strict difference between nebulae and gas clouds. But most galaxy formation happens inside gas clouds in galaxies.
    $endgroup$
    – Anders Sandberg
    Jan 30 at 17:56










  • $begingroup$
    The very last sentence is really all that's required. Nicely detailed, though.
    $endgroup$
    – Carl Witthoft
    Jan 30 at 18:40






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Very intriguing. Thanks for a new bit of knowledge about the world.
    $endgroup$
    – Peter A. Schneider
    Jan 31 at 7:34















27












$begingroup$

Yes, stars can form outside galaxies if the conditions are right. An impressive example is D100, a galaxy that is moving through a cluster so fast that the ram pressure from the ambient gas forces galactic gas out of it leaving a long tail. That tail is dense and cold enough to allow star formation, and there are newly formed clusters in it.



D100



In principle star formation can happen anywhere where there is dense, cold gas that can collapse gravitationally. Stars can sometimes help by forcing gas together by radiation pressure. There are intergalactic gas clouds, but they are usually too hot. Dark matter halos are not great at capturing hot gas, but intra-cluster gas is losing energy from Bremsstrahlung so over time some of it would accumulate there.



Space is large, so no doubt there is some star formation happening in corners where gas clouds have cooled off remotely from galaxies. After all, that was how stars and galaxies once started.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$








  • 4




    $begingroup$
    What a coincidence - that image was the Astronomy Picture of the Day on Jan 28, and I was going to look for more info on this ...and then I find this answer! Thanks!
    $endgroup$
    – BruceWayne
    Jan 30 at 15:29










  • $begingroup$
    What's the difference between a nebula and an "intergalactic gas cloud"? Surely, shortly after the beginning, there was nothing but gas, that cooled and collapsed into the first stars, prior to which if there wasn't any stars there technically can't be any galaxies yet. I'm struggling to find the question in here that can't be answered by semantics. Isn't outside of any galaxy normally how stars are formed: in nebulae?
    $endgroup$
    – Mazura
    Jan 30 at 17:04










  • $begingroup$
    @Mazura - I don't think there is a strict difference between nebulae and gas clouds. But most galaxy formation happens inside gas clouds in galaxies.
    $endgroup$
    – Anders Sandberg
    Jan 30 at 17:56










  • $begingroup$
    The very last sentence is really all that's required. Nicely detailed, though.
    $endgroup$
    – Carl Witthoft
    Jan 30 at 18:40






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Very intriguing. Thanks for a new bit of knowledge about the world.
    $endgroup$
    – Peter A. Schneider
    Jan 31 at 7:34













27












27








27





$begingroup$

Yes, stars can form outside galaxies if the conditions are right. An impressive example is D100, a galaxy that is moving through a cluster so fast that the ram pressure from the ambient gas forces galactic gas out of it leaving a long tail. That tail is dense and cold enough to allow star formation, and there are newly formed clusters in it.



D100



In principle star formation can happen anywhere where there is dense, cold gas that can collapse gravitationally. Stars can sometimes help by forcing gas together by radiation pressure. There are intergalactic gas clouds, but they are usually too hot. Dark matter halos are not great at capturing hot gas, but intra-cluster gas is losing energy from Bremsstrahlung so over time some of it would accumulate there.



Space is large, so no doubt there is some star formation happening in corners where gas clouds have cooled off remotely from galaxies. After all, that was how stars and galaxies once started.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$



Yes, stars can form outside galaxies if the conditions are right. An impressive example is D100, a galaxy that is moving through a cluster so fast that the ram pressure from the ambient gas forces galactic gas out of it leaving a long tail. That tail is dense and cold enough to allow star formation, and there are newly formed clusters in it.



D100



In principle star formation can happen anywhere where there is dense, cold gas that can collapse gravitationally. Stars can sometimes help by forcing gas together by radiation pressure. There are intergalactic gas clouds, but they are usually too hot. Dark matter halos are not great at capturing hot gas, but intra-cluster gas is losing energy from Bremsstrahlung so over time some of it would accumulate there.



Space is large, so no doubt there is some star formation happening in corners where gas clouds have cooled off remotely from galaxies. After all, that was how stars and galaxies once started.







share|improve this answer












share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer










answered Jan 30 at 12:18









Anders SandbergAnders Sandberg

1,821411




1,821411







  • 4




    $begingroup$
    What a coincidence - that image was the Astronomy Picture of the Day on Jan 28, and I was going to look for more info on this ...and then I find this answer! Thanks!
    $endgroup$
    – BruceWayne
    Jan 30 at 15:29










  • $begingroup$
    What's the difference between a nebula and an "intergalactic gas cloud"? Surely, shortly after the beginning, there was nothing but gas, that cooled and collapsed into the first stars, prior to which if there wasn't any stars there technically can't be any galaxies yet. I'm struggling to find the question in here that can't be answered by semantics. Isn't outside of any galaxy normally how stars are formed: in nebulae?
    $endgroup$
    – Mazura
    Jan 30 at 17:04










  • $begingroup$
    @Mazura - I don't think there is a strict difference between nebulae and gas clouds. But most galaxy formation happens inside gas clouds in galaxies.
    $endgroup$
    – Anders Sandberg
    Jan 30 at 17:56










  • $begingroup$
    The very last sentence is really all that's required. Nicely detailed, though.
    $endgroup$
    – Carl Witthoft
    Jan 30 at 18:40






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Very intriguing. Thanks for a new bit of knowledge about the world.
    $endgroup$
    – Peter A. Schneider
    Jan 31 at 7:34












  • 4




    $begingroup$
    What a coincidence - that image was the Astronomy Picture of the Day on Jan 28, and I was going to look for more info on this ...and then I find this answer! Thanks!
    $endgroup$
    – BruceWayne
    Jan 30 at 15:29










  • $begingroup$
    What's the difference between a nebula and an "intergalactic gas cloud"? Surely, shortly after the beginning, there was nothing but gas, that cooled and collapsed into the first stars, prior to which if there wasn't any stars there technically can't be any galaxies yet. I'm struggling to find the question in here that can't be answered by semantics. Isn't outside of any galaxy normally how stars are formed: in nebulae?
    $endgroup$
    – Mazura
    Jan 30 at 17:04










  • $begingroup$
    @Mazura - I don't think there is a strict difference between nebulae and gas clouds. But most galaxy formation happens inside gas clouds in galaxies.
    $endgroup$
    – Anders Sandberg
    Jan 30 at 17:56










  • $begingroup$
    The very last sentence is really all that's required. Nicely detailed, though.
    $endgroup$
    – Carl Witthoft
    Jan 30 at 18:40






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Very intriguing. Thanks for a new bit of knowledge about the world.
    $endgroup$
    – Peter A. Schneider
    Jan 31 at 7:34







4




4




$begingroup$
What a coincidence - that image was the Astronomy Picture of the Day on Jan 28, and I was going to look for more info on this ...and then I find this answer! Thanks!
$endgroup$
– BruceWayne
Jan 30 at 15:29




$begingroup$
What a coincidence - that image was the Astronomy Picture of the Day on Jan 28, and I was going to look for more info on this ...and then I find this answer! Thanks!
$endgroup$
– BruceWayne
Jan 30 at 15:29












$begingroup$
What's the difference between a nebula and an "intergalactic gas cloud"? Surely, shortly after the beginning, there was nothing but gas, that cooled and collapsed into the first stars, prior to which if there wasn't any stars there technically can't be any galaxies yet. I'm struggling to find the question in here that can't be answered by semantics. Isn't outside of any galaxy normally how stars are formed: in nebulae?
$endgroup$
– Mazura
Jan 30 at 17:04




$begingroup$
What's the difference between a nebula and an "intergalactic gas cloud"? Surely, shortly after the beginning, there was nothing but gas, that cooled and collapsed into the first stars, prior to which if there wasn't any stars there technically can't be any galaxies yet. I'm struggling to find the question in here that can't be answered by semantics. Isn't outside of any galaxy normally how stars are formed: in nebulae?
$endgroup$
– Mazura
Jan 30 at 17:04












$begingroup$
@Mazura - I don't think there is a strict difference between nebulae and gas clouds. But most galaxy formation happens inside gas clouds in galaxies.
$endgroup$
– Anders Sandberg
Jan 30 at 17:56




$begingroup$
@Mazura - I don't think there is a strict difference between nebulae and gas clouds. But most galaxy formation happens inside gas clouds in galaxies.
$endgroup$
– Anders Sandberg
Jan 30 at 17:56












$begingroup$
The very last sentence is really all that's required. Nicely detailed, though.
$endgroup$
– Carl Witthoft
Jan 30 at 18:40




$begingroup$
The very last sentence is really all that's required. Nicely detailed, though.
$endgroup$
– Carl Witthoft
Jan 30 at 18:40




1




1




$begingroup$
Very intriguing. Thanks for a new bit of knowledge about the world.
$endgroup$
– Peter A. Schneider
Jan 31 at 7:34




$begingroup$
Very intriguing. Thanks for a new bit of knowledge about the world.
$endgroup$
– Peter A. Schneider
Jan 31 at 7:34











10












$begingroup$

It's quite possible for stars to form outside of galaxies, typically in environments where large amounts of gas have been stripped from a galaxy. This usually involves either a tidal interaction with another galaxy or the intracluster medium (ICM). In the latter group are a set of peculiar galaxies sometimes dubbed "jellyfish galaxies". Gas, dust and stars are being stripped away by ram pressure from the high-speed collision with the ICM, and some of this gas can then collapse to form star clusters in the gaseous tail behind the galaxy.



For some candidate intergalactic star formation regions, it's unclear whether the young, blue stars found in blue knots were ejected with the gas or formed from it, but it's still reasonable to assume that star formation will eventually take place in the cold gas clumps.



Notable examples of stars forming in gas stripped by ram pressure include:




  • D100, as mentioned by Anders Sandberg (Cramer et al. 2019)


  • The Comet Galaxy (Cortese et al. 2011)


  • ESO 137-001 (Sun et al. 2007)

In the other group, gaseous structures ejected during galaxy interactions can also form stars, under the right condition. The one notable example I'm aware of is the Leo Ring (Michel-Dansac et al. 2010), but I assume that other cases have been proposed.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    On a related note, I suppose stars formed outside galaxies would outnumber the extra-galactic "rogue" stars that were formed inside galaxies as members of triple (or larger) stellar systems that got flung out of their system due to gravitational instability. It's easy enough for such stars to have enough speed to leave their siblings, but I expect that in most cases they'd still be gravitationally bound to their galaxy.
    $endgroup$
    – PM 2Ring
    Jan 31 at 5:56















10












$begingroup$

It's quite possible for stars to form outside of galaxies, typically in environments where large amounts of gas have been stripped from a galaxy. This usually involves either a tidal interaction with another galaxy or the intracluster medium (ICM). In the latter group are a set of peculiar galaxies sometimes dubbed "jellyfish galaxies". Gas, dust and stars are being stripped away by ram pressure from the high-speed collision with the ICM, and some of this gas can then collapse to form star clusters in the gaseous tail behind the galaxy.



For some candidate intergalactic star formation regions, it's unclear whether the young, blue stars found in blue knots were ejected with the gas or formed from it, but it's still reasonable to assume that star formation will eventually take place in the cold gas clumps.



Notable examples of stars forming in gas stripped by ram pressure include:




  • D100, as mentioned by Anders Sandberg (Cramer et al. 2019)


  • The Comet Galaxy (Cortese et al. 2011)


  • ESO 137-001 (Sun et al. 2007)

In the other group, gaseous structures ejected during galaxy interactions can also form stars, under the right condition. The one notable example I'm aware of is the Leo Ring (Michel-Dansac et al. 2010), but I assume that other cases have been proposed.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    On a related note, I suppose stars formed outside galaxies would outnumber the extra-galactic "rogue" stars that were formed inside galaxies as members of triple (or larger) stellar systems that got flung out of their system due to gravitational instability. It's easy enough for such stars to have enough speed to leave their siblings, but I expect that in most cases they'd still be gravitationally bound to their galaxy.
    $endgroup$
    – PM 2Ring
    Jan 31 at 5:56













10












10








10





$begingroup$

It's quite possible for stars to form outside of galaxies, typically in environments where large amounts of gas have been stripped from a galaxy. This usually involves either a tidal interaction with another galaxy or the intracluster medium (ICM). In the latter group are a set of peculiar galaxies sometimes dubbed "jellyfish galaxies". Gas, dust and stars are being stripped away by ram pressure from the high-speed collision with the ICM, and some of this gas can then collapse to form star clusters in the gaseous tail behind the galaxy.



For some candidate intergalactic star formation regions, it's unclear whether the young, blue stars found in blue knots were ejected with the gas or formed from it, but it's still reasonable to assume that star formation will eventually take place in the cold gas clumps.



Notable examples of stars forming in gas stripped by ram pressure include:




  • D100, as mentioned by Anders Sandberg (Cramer et al. 2019)


  • The Comet Galaxy (Cortese et al. 2011)


  • ESO 137-001 (Sun et al. 2007)

In the other group, gaseous structures ejected during galaxy interactions can also form stars, under the right condition. The one notable example I'm aware of is the Leo Ring (Michel-Dansac et al. 2010), but I assume that other cases have been proposed.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$



It's quite possible for stars to form outside of galaxies, typically in environments where large amounts of gas have been stripped from a galaxy. This usually involves either a tidal interaction with another galaxy or the intracluster medium (ICM). In the latter group are a set of peculiar galaxies sometimes dubbed "jellyfish galaxies". Gas, dust and stars are being stripped away by ram pressure from the high-speed collision with the ICM, and some of this gas can then collapse to form star clusters in the gaseous tail behind the galaxy.



For some candidate intergalactic star formation regions, it's unclear whether the young, blue stars found in blue knots were ejected with the gas or formed from it, but it's still reasonable to assume that star formation will eventually take place in the cold gas clumps.



Notable examples of stars forming in gas stripped by ram pressure include:




  • D100, as mentioned by Anders Sandberg (Cramer et al. 2019)


  • The Comet Galaxy (Cortese et al. 2011)


  • ESO 137-001 (Sun et al. 2007)

In the other group, gaseous structures ejected during galaxy interactions can also form stars, under the right condition. The one notable example I'm aware of is the Leo Ring (Michel-Dansac et al. 2010), but I assume that other cases have been proposed.







share|improve this answer












share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer










answered Jan 30 at 15:21









HDE 226868HDE 226868

19.8k265123




19.8k265123











  • $begingroup$
    On a related note, I suppose stars formed outside galaxies would outnumber the extra-galactic "rogue" stars that were formed inside galaxies as members of triple (or larger) stellar systems that got flung out of their system due to gravitational instability. It's easy enough for such stars to have enough speed to leave their siblings, but I expect that in most cases they'd still be gravitationally bound to their galaxy.
    $endgroup$
    – PM 2Ring
    Jan 31 at 5:56
















  • $begingroup$
    On a related note, I suppose stars formed outside galaxies would outnumber the extra-galactic "rogue" stars that were formed inside galaxies as members of triple (or larger) stellar systems that got flung out of their system due to gravitational instability. It's easy enough for such stars to have enough speed to leave their siblings, but I expect that in most cases they'd still be gravitationally bound to their galaxy.
    $endgroup$
    – PM 2Ring
    Jan 31 at 5:56















$begingroup$
On a related note, I suppose stars formed outside galaxies would outnumber the extra-galactic "rogue" stars that were formed inside galaxies as members of triple (or larger) stellar systems that got flung out of their system due to gravitational instability. It's easy enough for such stars to have enough speed to leave their siblings, but I expect that in most cases they'd still be gravitationally bound to their galaxy.
$endgroup$
– PM 2Ring
Jan 31 at 5:56




$begingroup$
On a related note, I suppose stars formed outside galaxies would outnumber the extra-galactic "rogue" stars that were formed inside galaxies as members of triple (or larger) stellar systems that got flung out of their system due to gravitational instability. It's easy enough for such stars to have enough speed to leave their siblings, but I expect that in most cases they'd still be gravitationally bound to their galaxy.
$endgroup$
– PM 2Ring
Jan 31 at 5:56

















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