Thomisidae
| Thomisidae | |
|---|---|
 | |
Ozyptila praticola | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833[1] |
| Genera | |
See List of Thomisidae genera. | |
Diversity[2] | |
175 genera, 2,155 species | |
 | |
Thomisidae (Crab Spider)
The Thomisidae are a family of spiders, including about 175 genera and over 2,100 species. The common name crab spider is often linked to species in this family, but is also applied loosely to many other species of spiders. Among the Thomisidae, "crab spider" refers most often to the familiar species of "flower crab spiders", though not all members of the family are limited to ambush hunting in flowers.
Crab spider feeding on a Junonia atlites butterfly in a Zinnia elegans flower
Contents
1 "Crab spider" as a name in most use
2 Behavior
3 Sexual dimorphism
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
"Crab spider" as a name in most use
Rationalisation for the name crab spider is generally subjective and anecdotal. It is commonly said to refer to a fancied resemblance to crabs, or to the way such spiders hold their two front pairs of legs, or their ability to scuttle sideways or backwards. Some spiders so called have bodies that are flattened and angular. At all events, the Thomisidae are the family most generally referred to as "crab spiders". However, some members of the Sparassidae are called "giant crab spiders", the Selenopidae are called "wall crab spiders", and various members of the Sicariidae are sometimes called "six-eyed crab spiders".[3] Some unrelated orb-weaver spider species such as Gasteracantha cancriformis also are commonly called "crab spiders".
Such names are of little biological significance, and the following emphasis is on the Thomisidae.
Behavior
Thomisidae do not build webs to trap prey, though all of them produce silk for drop lines and sundry reproductive purposes; some are wandering hunters and the most widely known are ambush predators. Some species sit on or beside flowers or fruit, where they grab visiting insects. Individuals of some species, such as Misumena vatia, are able to change color over a period of some days, to match the flower on which they are sitting. Some species frequent promising positions among leaves or bark, where they await prey, and some of them sit in the open, where they are startlingly good mimics of bird droppings. However, these members of the family Thomisidae are not to be confused with the spiders that generally are called bird-dropping spiders, not all of which are close relatives of crab spiders.
Other species of crab spiders with flattened bodies either hunt in the crevices of tree trunks or under loose bark, or shelter under such crevices by day, and come out at night to hunt. Members of the genus Xysticus hunt in the leaf litter on the ground. In each case, crab spiders use their powerful front legs to grab and hold on to prey while paralysing it with a venomous bite.
The spider family Aphantochilidae was incorporated into the Thomisidae in the late 1980s. Aphantochilus species mimic Cephalotes ants, on which they prey.
The spiders of Thomisidae are not known to be harmful to humans. However, spiders of an unrelated genus, Sicarius, which are sometimes referred to as "crab spiders", or "six-eyed crab spiders", are close cousins to the recluse spiders, and are highly venomous, though human bites are rare.
Sexual dimorphism
Several different types of sexual dimorphism have been recorded in crab spiders. Some species exhibit color dimorphisms;[4] however, the most apparent dimorphism is the difference in size between males and females. In some species, this is relatively small; females of Misumena vatia are roughly twice the size of their male counterparts.[5] In other cases, the difference is extreme; on average, female Thomisus onustus and Misumena vatia are more than 60 times as massive as the males.[6]
Several hypothesized explanations are given for the evolution of sexual size dimorphisms in the Thomisidae and other sister taxa.[7] The most widely acknowledged hypothesis for female growth is the fecundity hypothesis:[8] selection favors larger females so they can produce more eggs and healthier offspring. Because males do not carry and lay eggs, a growth in size does not confer a fitness advantage.[9]
However, sexual size dimorphism may be a result of male dwarfism. The gravity hypothesis states that the smaller size allows the male to travel with greater ease, providing him with an increased opportunity to find mates.[10] Females are comparatively stationary and a smaller size provides them no additional benefit.[6]
Other hypotheses propose that sexual size dimorphism evolved by chance, and no selective advantage exists to larger females or smaller males.[11]
Gallery
Female Thomisus, sitting in ambush in a Felicia flower
Female Thomisus
Female Thomisus feeding on housefly snatched live from the finger of photographer
Male Thomisus feeding on small insect, probably a Heteroptera, the fingerprint gives some idea of the scale
Thomisus female with male on back awaiting opportunity to mate, probably when she next feeds, note the shape of the distal ends of his pedipalps.
A crab spider ready to attack
Thomisus spider sitting in ambush behind a Lavandula flower too small to accommodate it
Female Xysticus
Female Synema awaiting prey on Lavandula
Bee caught by camouflaged crab spider
Angaeus spider from Coorg, Karnataka, India
Ant-mimic Amyciaea sp. from Coorg, Karnataka, India
Phyrnarachne spider mimicking bird-dropping, Kabini, Karnataka, India
Camaricus spider from Goa, India
Xysticus spider feeding on an ant, Goa, India
Runcinia spider on an inflorescence, Goa, India
Misumena spider from Kabini, Karnataka, India
See also
- List of Thomisidae species
- Spider families
References
^ "Family: Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2015-10-30..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ "Currently valid spider genera and species". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
^ Filmer, Martin (1997). Southern African Spiders. City: BHB International / Struik. ISBN 1-86825-188-8.
^ http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Thomisidae/
^ "Flower (a.k.a. Goldenrod) Crab Spider (Misumena vatia)". Woodland Park Zoo. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
^ ab Corcobado, G.; Rodríguez-Gironés, M.A.; De Mas, E. & Moya-Laraño, J. (2010). "Introducing the refined gravity hypothesis of extreme sexual size dimorphism". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 236. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-236. PMC 2924870. PMID 20682029.
^ Hormiga, G; Scharff, N; Coddington, J.A. (2000). "The Phylogenetic Basis of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae, Obiculariae)". Systematic Biology. 49: 435–462. doi:10.1080/10635159950127330.
^ Head, G (1995). "Selection on Fecundity and Variation in the Degree of Sexual Size Dimorphism Among Spider Species (Class Araneae)". Evolution. 49: 776–781. doi:10.2307/2410330.
^ Head, G. (1995). "Selection on Fecundity and Variation in the Degree of Sexual Size Dimorphism Among Spider Species (Class Araneae)". Evolution. 49: 776–781. doi:10.2307/2410330.
^ Corcobado, G.; Rodríguez-Gironés, M.A.; De Mas, E.; Moya-Laraño, J. (2010). "Introducing the refined gravity hypothesis of extreme sexual size dimorphism". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 236. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-236. PMC 2924870. PMID 20682029.
^ Prenter, J.; Elwood, R.W. & Montgomery, W.I. (1998). "No Association between Sexual Size Dimorphism and Life Histories in Spiders". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 265 (1390): 57–62. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0264. PMC 1688762.
- Biolib family Thomisidae
External links
 | Wikispecies has information related to Thomisidae |
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomisidae. |
- Crab Spider Misumenoides formocipes diagnostic photos
- Crab Spider Xysticus sp. photos and information
Tmarus angulatus guarding her eggs- Picture of Amyciaea albomaculata
- Photos of American Crab Spiders
- Photos and Info on Australian Crab Spiders
Kentucky Crab Spiders Photos and Information- Picture of Stephanopis championi
Pictures of crab spiders (free for noncommercial use)- Photos of Crab Spiders hosted by University of California, Berkeley
