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Surf music is a subgenre of rock music associated with surf culture, particularly as found in Southern California. It was especially popular from 1962 to 1964 in two major forms.^[8] The first is instrumental surf, distinguished by reverb-drenched electric guitars played to evoke the sound of crashing waves, largely pioneered by Dick Dale and the Del-Tones. The second is vocal surf, which took elements of the original surf sound and added vocal harmonies, a movement led by the Beach Boys.^[9][10]

Dick Dale developed the surf sound from instrumental rock, where he added Middle Eastern and Mexican influences, a spring reverb, and the rapid alternate picking characteristics. His regional hit "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) launched the surf music craze, inspiring many others to take up the approach.

The genre reached national exposure when it was represented by vocal groups such as the Beach Boys and Jan and Dean.^[11] Dale is quoted on such groups: "They were surfing sounds [with] surfing lyrics. In other words, the music wasn't surfing music. The words made them surfing songs. ... That was the difference ... the real surfing music is instrumental."^[12]

At the height of its popularity, surf music rivaled girl groups and Motown for top American popular music trends.^[13] It is sometimes referred to interchangeably with the California Sound.^[14] During the later stages of the surf music craze, many of its groups started to write songs about cars and girls; this was later known as hot rod rock.^[15]

Instrumental surf

Form

1963 performance flyer, promoting surf musicians

Surf music emerged in the late 1950s as instrumental rock and roll music,^[9] almost always in straight 4/4 (or common) time, with a medium to fast tempo. The sound was dominated by electric guitars which were particularly characterized by the extensive use of the "wet" spring reverb that was incorporated into Fender amplifiers from 1961, which is thought to emulate the sound of the waves.^[16] The outboard separate Fender Reverb Unit that was developed by Fender in 1961 (as opposed to reverb that was incorporated as a built-in amp feature) was the actual first "wet" surf reverb tone. This unit is the reverb effect heard on Dick Dale records, and others such as "Pipeline" by the Chantays and "Point Panic" by the Surfaris. It had more of a wet "plucky" tone than the "built in" amp reverb, due to a different circuitry.^{[citation needed]}

Guitarists also made use of the vibrato arm on their guitar to bend the pitch of notes downward, electronic tremolo effects and rapid (alternating) tremolo picking.^[17] Guitar models favored included those made by Fender (particularly the Jazzmaster, Jaguar and Stratocaster guitars), Mosrite, Teisco, or Danelectro, usually with single coil pickups (which had high treble in contrast to double coil humbucker pickups).^[18] Surf music was one of the first genres to universally adopt the electric bass, particularly the Fender Precision Bass. Classic surf drum kits tended to be Rogers, Ludwig, Gretsch or Slingerland. Some popular songs also incorporated a tenor or baritone saxophone, as on The Lively Ones' "Surf Rider" (1963) and The Revels' "Comanche" (1961).^[19] Often an electric organ or an electric piano featured as backing harmony.^{[citation needed]}

History

By the early 1960s, instrumental rock and roll had been pioneered successfully by performers such as Link Wray, The Ventures and Duane Eddy.^[20] This trend was developed by Dick Dale, who added Middle Eastern and Mexican influences, the distinctive reverb^[16] (giving the guitar a "wet" sound),^[21] and the rapid alternate picking characteristic of the genre^[16] (influenced by Arabic music, which Dale learnt from his Lebanese uncle).^[22] His performances at the Rendezvous Ballroom in Balboa, California during the summer of 1961,^[23] and his regional hit "Let's Go Trippin'" later that year, launched the surf music craze, which he followed up with hits like "Misirlou" (1962).^[16]

Dick Dale performing in 2005

	Dick Dale - "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) Dick Dale's "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961), which launched the surf music craze of the early 1960s. Dick Dale - "Misirlou" (1962) Dick Dale's "Misirlou" (1962), a surf rock cover version of a folk song. It is often considered Dale's signature single.
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Like Dale and his Del-Tones, most early surf bands were formed in Southern California, with Orange County in particular having a strong surf culture, and the Rendezvous Ballroom in Balboa hosted many surf-styled acts.^[23][20] Groups such as The Bel-Airs (whose hit "Mr. Moto", influenced by Dale's earlier live performances,^[23] was released slightly before "Let's Go Trippin'"), The Challengers (with their album Surfbeat) and then Eddie & the Showmen followed Dale to regional success.^[24]

The Chantays scored a top ten national hit with "Pipeline", reaching number 4 in May 1963. Probably the single-most famous surf tune hit was "Wipe Out" with its intro of a wicked laugh by the Surfaris; the Surfaris were also known for their cutting-edge lead guitar and drum solos, and Wipe Out reached number two on the Hot 100 in August 1963 and number 16 in October 1966. The group also had two other global hits, "Surfer Joe" and "Point Panic".^[25]

The growing popularity of the genre led groups from other areas to try their hand. These included The Astronauts, from Boulder, Colorado; The Trashmen, from Minneapolis, Minnesota, who reached number 4 with "Surfin' Bird" in 1964; and The Rivieras, from South Bend, Indiana, who reached number 5 in 1964 with "California Sun".^[16]The Atlantics, from Sydney, Australia, were not exclusively surf musicians, but made a significant contribution to the genre, the most famous example being their hit "Bombora" (1963).^[16] Also from Sydney were The Denvermen, whose lyrical instrumental "Surfside" reached number 1 in the Australian charts.^[26] Another Australian surf band who were known outside their own country's surf scene was The Joy Boys, backing band for singer Col Joye; their hit "Murphy the Surfie" (1963) was later covered by the Surfaris.^[27]

European bands around this time generally focused more on the style played by British instrumental rock group The Shadows. A notable example of European surf instrumental is Spanish band Los Relámpagos' rendition of "Misirlou." The Dakotas, who were the British backing band for Merseybeat singer Billy J. Kramer, gained some attention as surf musicians with "Cruel Sea" (1963), which was later covered by The Ventures, and eventually other instrumental surf bands, including the Challengers and the Revelairs.^[28]

Vocal surf

Distinctions

The Beach Boys performing "I Get Around" in 1964

In Matt Warshaw's The Encyclopedia of Surfing, he notes: "Surf music is divided into two categories: the pulsating, reverb-heavy, 'wet'- sounding instrumental form exemplified by guitarist Dick Dale, and the smooth-voiced, multitracked harmonized vocal style invented by the Beach Boys. Purists argue that surf music is by definition instrumental."^[29]

	The Beach Boys – "Surfin' U.S.A." (1963) Released in March 1963, "Surfin' U.S.A." incorporated surf lyrics and the melody from Chuck Berry's "Sweet Little Sixteen", later becoming one of the best known surf rock songs.[30]
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This second wave of surf music was led by the Beach Boys,^[9] a group whose main distinction between previous surf musicians was that they projected a world view.^[31] In 1964, the group's leader and principal songwriter, Brian Wilson, explained: "It wasn't a conscious thing to build our music around surfing. We just want to be identified with the interests of young kids."^[32] A year later, he would express: "I HATE so-called "surfin'" music. It’s a name that people slap on any sound from California. Our music is rightfully 'the Beach Boy sound'—if one has to label it."^[33]

Vocal surf can be interpreted as a regional variant of doo wop music, with tight harmonies on a song's chorus contrasted with scat singing.^[34] According to musicologist Timothy Cooley, "Like instrumental surf rock with its fondness for the twelve-bar blues form, the vocal version of Surf Music drew many key elements from African-American genres ... what made the Beach Boys unique was its ability to capture the nation's and indeed the world's imagination about the emerging New Surfing lifestyle now centered in Southern California, as well as the subtle songwriting style and production techniques that identify the Beach Boys' sound."^[35] In 1963, Murry Wilson, Brian's father who also acted as the Beach Boys' manager offered his definition of surf music: "The basis of surfing music is a rock and roll bass beat figuration, coupled with raunch-type weird-sounding lead guitar, an electric guitar, plus wailing saxes. Surfing music has to sound untrained with a certain rough flavor in order to appeal to teenagers. ... when the music gets too good, and too polished, it isn't considered the real thing."^[1]

Hot rod rock

The 1932 Ford that appeared on the cover to the Beach Boys' album, Little Deuce Coupe (1963)

Hot rod music, or hot rod rock, evolved from surf music.^[36] According to The Ultimate Hot Rod Dictionary by Jeff Breitenstein: "While cars and, to a lesser degree, hot rods have been a relatively common and enduring theme in American popular music, the term hot rod music is most often associated with the unique 'California sound' music of the early to mid-1960s ... and was defined by its rich vocal harmonies, amplified (generally Fender brand) electric guitars, and youth-oriented lyrics (most often celebrating hot rods and, more broadly, surfing and 'girls')."^[37]

Author David Ferrandino wrote that "the Beach Boys' musical treatments of both cars and surfboards are identical",^[38] whereas author Geoffrey Himes elaborated "subtle" differences: "Translating the surf-music format into hot-rod tunes wasn’t difficult. ... If surf music was a lot of Dick Dale and some Chuck Berry, hot-rod music was a little more Berry and a little less Dale—i.e. less percussive staccato and more chiming riffs. Instead of slang about waxes and boards; you used slang about carburetors and pistons; instead of name-dropping the top surfing beaches, you cited the nicknames for the top drag-racing strips; instead of warning about the dangers of a 'Wipe Out,' you warned of 'Dead Man's Curve.'"^[13]

Popularity

	Jan and Dean – "Surf City" (1963) Jan and Dean's "Surf City" is the first song with a surf-related title to become a national number-one hit.[39] The matter of which was the first surf song to top the charts remains a matter of dispute.[39]
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In late 1961, the Beach Boys had their first chart hit, "Surfin'", which peaked at number 75 on the Billboard Hot 100, ^[40] followed by "Surfin' U.S.A." (1963) and "Surfer Girl" (1963) which reached the Top 10.^[12] In mid-1962, the group released their major-label debut, "Surfin' Safari". The song hit number 14 and helped launch the surf rock craze into a national phenomenon.^[41] Breitenstein writes that hot rod rock gained national popularity beginning in 1962 with the Beach Boys' "409", which is often credited with initiating the hot rod music craze, which lasted until 1965.^{[37][nb 1]} Several key figures would lead the hot rod movement beside Wilson, including songwriter-producer-musician Gary Usher and songwriter-disc jockey Roger Christian.^[43]

Wilson then co-wrote "Surf City" (1963) for Jan and Dean, which spent two weeks at the top of the Billboard Top 100 chart in July 1963.^[30] In the wake of the Beach Boys' success, many singles by new surfing and hot rod groups were produced by Los Angeles groups. Himes notes: "Most of these weren’t real groups; they were just a singer or two backed by the same floating pool of session musicians: often including Glen Campbell, Hal Blaine and Bruce Johnston. If a single happened to click, a group would be hastily assembled and sent out on tour. It was an odd blend of amateurism and professionalism."^{[13][nb 2]} One-hit wonders included Bruce & Terry with "Summer Means Fun", the Rivieras with "California Sun", Ronny & the Daytonas with "G.T.O.", and the Rip Chords with "Hey Little Cobra". The latter two hits both reached the top ten, but the only other act to achieve sustained success with the formula were Jan & Dean.^[16] Hot rod group the Fantastic Baggys wrote many songs for Jan and Dean and also performed a few vocals for the duo.^[45]

Decline

The surf music craze, along with the careers of nearly all surf acts, was effectively ended by the British Invasion beginning in early 1964.^[16] Hot rod music also ceased to be prominent that year.^[46] The emerging garage rock, folk rock, blues rock and later psychedelic rock genres also contributed to the decline of surf rock.^[47] The Beach Boys survived the invasion by diversifying their approach to music.^[48] Brian explained to Teen Beat: "We needed to grow. Up to this point we had milked every idea dry... We had done every possible angle about surfing and then we did the car routine. But we needed to grow
artistically."^[13] After the decline of surf music, the Beach Boys continued producing a string of hit singles and albums, including the sharply divergent Pet Sounds (1966). Subsequently, they became the only American rock or pop group that could arguably rival the Beatles,^[40] The band would only sparingly return to the hot rod and surfing-themed music, beginning with 1968's "Do It Again"^[49]

Influence and revival

Instrumental surf rock style guitar was used in the James Bond Theme of the first Bond film Dr. No in 1962, recorded by Vic Flick with the John Barry Seven. The theme became a signature for Bond films and influenced the music of spy films of the 1960s.^[50] Surf music also influenced a number of later rock musicians, including Keith Moon of The Who,^[16]East Bay Ray of the Dead Kennedys, and Pixies guitarist Joey Santiago.^[51] During the mid-to late 1990s, surf rock experienced a revival with surf acts, including Dick Dale recording once more, partly due to the popularity of the movie Pulp Fiction (1994), which used Dale's "Misirlou" and other surf rock songs in the soundtrack.^[16] New surf bands were formed, including Arc Isla, Jon and the Nightriders, Man or Astro-man?, The Mermen, Los Straitjackets, and The New Electric Sound. In 2012, Orchestra Nova San Diego premiered "Surf", a symphonic homage to surf music, the ocean, and surfing, by classical composer Joseph Waters.^[52]

Surf punk

Surf punk is a revival of the original surfing sound.^[53] It was initiated in the late 1970s and early 1980s by groups such as Forgotten Rebels from Canada - who released "Surfin' on Heroin" in 1981^[53] - and Agent Orange from Orange County, who recorded punk cover versions of surf classics such as "Misirlou", "Mr Moto", and "Pipeline" that same year, with AllMusic's Greg Prato calling the band "influential" and " a step ahead of the rest of the punk/hardcore pack".^[54] The genre is related to skate punk, which rose to prominence at the same time, in the Orange County beach towns that nurtured the first wave of surf musicians.^[7] Skatepunk band JFA combined the Dead Kennedys' "Police Truck" with the Chantays' "Pipeline" to create the revved-up surf/skate homage "Pipe Truck."^[55]

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

• 
  Chidester, Brian; Priore, Domenic (2008). Pop Surf Culture: Music, Design, Film, and Fashion from the Bohemian Surf Boom. Santa Monica Press. ISBN 978-1-59580-035-0.
  


• 
  Miller, Chuck (2011). Warman's American Records. Krause Publications. ISBN 1-4402-2821-3.
  


• 
  Valdez, Stephen K. (2006). A History of Rock Music. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7575-3379-2.