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I have one year working experience. Recently, I joined a new company and started my career in the position which I have skills, and experience on it. But, the employer considered 4 month probation period for me.

I always thought, that probation period means that, the employer is unsure about my qualities. Is it true?

Yes and they should be.

They don't know you. Probation periods are a standard in pretty much any industry. The employer wants to ensure that you are good fit for the company. This doesn't mean they doubt you, it just means they want to make sure.

Lets say you are a programmer with an amazing track record, but you frequently get into conflicts with a co-worker named Bob. They may let you go. Not because you can't do the job, but because they don't want to deal with that conflict in the work place.

Don't worry about it, everyone goes through a probation period at pretty much every job. Just do your best.

Is it true?

I would say no, not exactly.

Usually, the main purpose of a probation period is to have a "look and feel" of the employee and the way they adapt to the Company. That way, if the employee is not fit the work relationship can be terminated without much procedures or consequences.

This is also true the other way round: It is also a good time for you to have a look and feel of the Company, to see if you both are a good fit, and for you to be able to resign without much procedures or consequences.

I always thought, that probation period means that, the employer is
unsure about my qualities. Is it true?

Yes, but that's only part of it.

Most employers who use probation periods, use them for all new employees. So the employer is unsure of your qualities, but is probably unsure of all new employees' qualities.

The other part is that a probation period is for you to be unsure of your employer's qualities.

During probation, both sides get to see if there is a good fit or not. If there is, then you get signed on as a permanent employee. If not, you both part ways amicably.

There is a general trend, especially in Western Europe (it depends on the country, so putting a country tag might be good; your profile says you're in Estonia, and I'm not very familiar with the culture there) for employment to be indefinite; not continuing to employ someone requires significant cause. In some jobs, there is explicit tenure, but even in jobs without it, there's often "pseudo tenure" in the sense that laying someone off is a Big Deal. This makes hiring a new employee a large risk, as even if they have experience, it's hard to know whether they'll work out. Having a probation period allows a company to see how someone does in a position while giving the employee notice that the employment doesn't have this "pseudo tenure": the employee shouldn't consider employment after that period a sure thing. Thus, they can evaluate the employee at the end of the period and lay them off if they want without it being as much of a violation of social norms.

This also allows a company to terminate the employment with less of an effect on other employees: if the other employees are past their probation period, and they see an employee in their probation period being laid off, that doesn't make them worry about their job security as much as seeing someone with the same employment status as them being laid off does.

Another factor is that companies often have perks that they don't want to give to employees until the employees have established themselves. So there may be certain benefits that aren't available, or aren't fully available, until after your probation period.

The characterization "the employer is unsure about my qualities" is true in some sense, in that they are exercising caution about a new hire, but it's doesn't necessarily mean that they have concerns specific to you; this likely is simply general practice.

A probation period is standard-fare for most companies. You can only get so much information about what an employee will be like from interviews etc. A probation period at the start of your employment is not reflective on your abilities (by definition they can't be because they don't really know you by this point), and are not nearly the same as probation periods as a result of disciplinary action.