Baudouin of Belgium


"Baudouin" redirects here. For other uses, see Baudouin (disambiguation).


























Baudouin

Anefo 911-3016 Tweede dag (cropped).jpg
Baudouin in 1960

King of the Belgians
Reign17 July 1951 – 31 July 1993
PredecessorLeopold III
SuccessorAlbert II
Prime Ministers
Born
(1930-09-07)7 September 1930
Stuyvenberg Castle, Laeken, Brussels, Belgium
Died31 July 1993(1993-07-31) (aged 62)
Villa Astrida, Motril, Spain
BurialChurch of Our Lady of Laeken
Consort

Doña Fabiola de Mora y Aragón (m. 1960)
Full name

Dutch: Boudewijn Albert Karel Leopold Axel Maria Gustaaf
French: Baudouin Albert Charles Léopold Axel Marie Gustave
German: Balduin Albrecht Karl Leopold Axel Marie Gustav
HouseBelgium
FatherLeopold III of Belgium
MotherAstrid of Sweden
ReligionRoman Catholicism







Belgian Royalty
House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Great coat of arms of Belgium.svg

Leopold I




Leopold II



Albert I



Leopold III



Baudouin

Albert II




Philippe


  • v

  • t

  • e

Baudouin[1] (Dutch: Boudewijn, German: Balduin; 7 September 1930 – 31 July 1993) reigned as the King of the Belgians, following his father's abdication, from 1951 until his death in 1993. He was the last Belgian king to be sovereign of Congo.


He was the elder son of King Leopold III (1901–83) and his first wife, Princess Astrid of Sweden (1905–35). Because he had no children with his wife, Fabiola de Mora, the crown passed to his younger brother, Albert II (formerly Prince of Liège), following his death.




Contents





  • 1 Ascent to the throne


  • 2 Marriage


  • 3 Notable events


  • 4 Religious influences


  • 5 Baudouin and the death of Patrice Lumumba


  • 6 Death, succession, and legacy


  • 7 Honours

    • 7.1 National honours


    • 7.2 Foreign honours


    • 7.3 Dynastic honours



  • 8 Ancestry


  • 9 See also


  • 10 References


  • 11 Bibliography

    • 11.1 Other languages



  • 12 External links




Ascent to the throne


Baudouin was born in the Château du Stuyvenberg, near Laeken, Brussels, in Belgium, in 1930, the son of Prince Leopold, the then Duke of Brabant, and his first wife, Astrid of Sweden. His father became King of the Belgians, as Leopold III, in 1934 and Prince Baudouin became Duke of Brabant. Baudouin's mother died in 1935 in an automobile accident.


Part of Leopold III's unpopularity was the result of a second marriage in 1941 to Mary Lilian Baels, an English-born Belgian commoner, later known as Princess de Réthy. More controversial had been Leopold's decision to surrender to Nazi Germany during the Second World War, when Belgium was invaded in 1940; many Belgians questioned his loyalties, but a commission of inquiry exonerated him of treason after the war. Though reinstated in a plebiscite, the controversy surrounding Leopold led to his abdication.


During the war the king was deported by command of Adolf Hitler to Hirschstein.


King Leopold III requested the Belgian Government and the Parliament to approve a law delegating his royal powers to his son, Prince Baudouin, who took the constitutional oath before the United Chambers of the Belgian Parliament as Prince Royal on 11 August 1950. He ascended the throne and became the fifth King of the Belgians upon taking the constitutional oath on 17 July 1951, one day following his father's abdication.


The Congolese called the young king Mwana Kitoko ("beautiful boy").



Marriage


On 15 December 1960, Baudouin was married in Brussels to Doña Fabiola de Mora y Aragón. The King and Queen had no children; all of the Queen's five pregnancies ended in miscarriage.[2]



Notable events




Baudouin and Fabiola with US President Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon in May 1969.


During Baudouin's reign the colony of Belgian Congo became independent. During the parade following the last ceremonial inspection of the Force Publique, the royal sabre of the king was momentarily stolen by Ambroise Boimbo. The photograph, taken by Robert Lebeck, was widely published in world newspapers,[3][4] with some seeing the act as a humiliation for the king.[5] The next day the king attended the official reception; he gave a speech that received a blistering response by Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba.[6]


Baudouin attended the State funeral of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, as the head of state of Belgium, and one of many dignitaries at that state funeral, along with Paul-Henri Spaak, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and former three-time Prime Minister of Belgium.


In 1990, when Baudouin refused to sign into law a bill permitting abortion, the cabinet assumed the power to promulgate the law while he was treated as "unable to govern" for twenty-four hours.[7]


In 1976, on the 25th anniversary of Baudouin's accession, the King Baudouin Foundation was formed, with the aim of improving the living conditions of the Belgian people.


He was the 1,176th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain in 1960 and the 930th Knight of the Order of the Garter.[8][9]



Religious influences


Baudouin was a devout Roman Catholic. Through the influence of Leo Cardinal Suenens, Baudouin participated in the growing Renewal Movement and regularly went on pilgrimages to the French shrine of Paray-le-Monial.


In 1990, when a law submitted by Roger Lallemand and Lucienne Herman-Michielsens that liberalised Belgium's abortion laws was approved by Parliament, he refused to give Royal Assent to the bill. This was unprecedented; although Baudouin was de jure Belgium's chief executive, Royal Assent has long been a formality (as is the case in most constitutional and popular monarchies). However, due to his religious convictions, Baudouin asked the Government to declare him temporarily unable to reign so that he could avoid signing the measure into law.[10] The Government under Wilfried Martens complied with his request on 4 April 1990. According to the provisions of the Belgian Constitution, in the event the King is temporarily unable to reign, the Government as a whole fulfills the role of Head of State. All members of the Government signed the bill, and the next day (5 April 1990) the Government declared that Baudouin was capable of reigning again.



Baudouin and the death of Patrice Lumumba


In 1960, Baudouin declared the Belgian colony of Congo independent. During the declaration of independence, Baudouin delivered a highly contested speech in which he celebrated the acts of the first Belgian owner of the Congo, King Leopold II, whom he described as "a genius". In the same event on the day of the independence, the first democratically elected prime minister of Congo, Patrice Lumumba, answered in a speech that was very critical for the Belgian regime. Lumumba mentioned the killing of many Congolese, the insults and humiliations and the slavery they suffered.


Lumumba's speech infuriated King Baudouin and started a harsh conflict between both men. After the independence of Congo, the rich province of Katanga set up a secession that received substantial military and financial support from the Belgian government and Belgian companies with business interests in this region. King Baudouin strengthened his relationships with the Katangese politician Moise Tshombé, whom he made a knight in the order of Leopold. In the meanwhile, the Belgian government as well as the CIA supported or organized themselves plans to murder Patrice Lumumba.


In early December 1960, Patrice Lumumba and two colleagues were imprisoned in military barracks about 150 kilometers from Leopoldville. They were underfed and mistreated, then released in mid-January 1961. Within hours Lumumba was again captured, relocated, beaten, and within hours executed by Congolese soldiers under Belgian command; a Belgian police officer cut up Lumumba’s body and dissolved the corpse in acid.[11]


In 2001, a parliamentary investigation set up by the Belgian government concluded that King Baudouin, amongst others, was informed of a murder plan set up by later dictator Joseph Mobutu and the Katangese rebel Moise Tshombé. Both men had agreed to the Belgian colonel Guy Weber to "neutralize Lumumba, if possible physically". The King, informed, did nothing more and this neglect was described as 'incriminating' by the parliamentary investigation, although there was no evidence found that the king ordered the set up of the plans.[11]



Death, succession, and legacy


Baudouin reigned for 42 years. He died of heart failure on 31 July 1993 in the Villa Astrida in Motril, in the south of Spain.[12] Although in March 1992 the King had been operated for a Mitral valve prolapse in Paris, his death still came unexpectedly, and sent much of Belgium into a period of deep mourning. His death notably stopped the 1993 24 Hours of Spa sportscar race, which had reached the 15-hour mark when the news broke.


Within hours the Royal Palace gates and enclosure were covered with flowers that people brought spontaneously. A viewing of the body was held at the Royal Palace in central Brussels; 500,000 people (5% of the population) came to pay their respects. Many waited in line up to 14 hours in sweltering heat to see their King one last time. Along with other members of European royalty, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom attended the funeral (the only foreign state funeral ever attended by her in person as monarch).


King Baudouin was interred in the royal vault at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken, Brussels, Belgium. He was succeeded by his younger brother, who became King Albert II.



Honours


Titles and Styles


  • 7 September 1930 - 17 February 1934: His Royal Highness Prince Baudouin of Belgium, Count of Hainaut

  • 17 February 1934 - 17 July 1951: His Royal Highness The Duke of Brabant

  • 17 July 1951 - 31 July 1993: His Majesty The King of the Belgians



Monogram




Monogram



National honours



  •  Belgium:

    • Grand Crest Ordre de Leopold.png Grand Master of the Order of Leopold[13][14][15][16][17]


    • BEL Order of the African Star - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Master of the Order of the African Star[18][19][20]


    • BEL Royal Order of the Lion - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Lion


    • BEL Kroonorde Grootkruis BAR.svg Grand Master of the Order of the Crown


    • BEL Order of Leopold II - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Master of the Order of Leopold II


Foreign honours



  •  Argentina: ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Grand Cross BAR.png Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín[21]


  •  Austria: AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 1st Class BAR.png Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria[22]


  •  Democratic Republic of the Congo: National Order of the Leopard (DR Congo) - ribbon bar.png Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Leopard[23][24]


  •  Denmark: Orderelefant ribbon.png Knight of the Order of the Elephant


  •  Germany: GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 9 Sond des Grosskreuzes 218px.svg Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany[25]

    •  Bavaria: DE-BY Der Bayerische Verdienstorden BAR.png Member of the Bavarian Order of Merit[25]


  •  Iceland: ISL Icelandic Order of the Falcon - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon[26]


  •  Italy: Cordone di gran Croce di Gran Cordone OMRI BAR.svg Knight Grand Cross with collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic[27]


  •  Holy See:

    • OESSG Cavaliere di Gran Croce BAR.jpg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre


    • Ordine Supremo del Cristo Rib.png Knight of the Supreme Order of Christ[28][29][30]



  •  Sovereign Military Order of Malta: SMOM-s.svg Bailiff Grand Cross of Justice of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta


  •  Japan: JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum[31]


  •  Luxembourg: Ordre du Lion d'Or de la Maison de Nassau ribbon.svg Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau[32]


  •  Netherlands:

    • NLD Order of the Dutch Lion - Grand Cross BAR.png Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion[33][34][35]


    • Royal Wedding Medal 1966.gif Recipient of the Wedding Medal of Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands and Claus van Amsberg.[36]



  •  Norway: St Olavs Orden storkors stripe.svg Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav[37]


  •  Portugal: PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Collar BAR.png Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry


  •  Spain:

    • Order of the Golden Fleece ribbon bar.svg 1,171st Knight of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece[38][39]


    • Order of Charles III - Sash of Collar.svg Knight of the Collar of the Order of Charles III[38][40]


    • Order of Isabella the Catholic - Sash of Collar.svg Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic[41][42][43]



  •  Sweden: Order of the Seraphim - Ribbon bar.svg Knight with Collar of the Royal Order of the Seraphim[44][45]


  •  Thailand:

    • Order of the Royal House of Chakri (Thailand) ribbon.png Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri[46]


    • Order of Chula Chom Klao - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.png Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Chula Chom Klao



  •  United Kingdom: Order of the Garter UK ribbon.png Stranger Knight of the Order of the Garter[47][48]


  •  Yugoslavia: Order of the Yugoslavian Great Star Rib.png Great Star of the Order of the Yugoslav Star[49]


Dynastic honours



  • Ethiopia Ethiopian Imperial Family: ETH Order of Solomon BAR.png Knight of the Order of Solomon[50][51][52]


  • Kingdom of Greece Greek Royal Family: GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.png Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Redeemer[53]


  • Iran Iranian Imperial Family:

    • Order of Pahlavi (Iran).gif Member 1st Class of the Order of Pahlavi[54][55][56]


    • 2500th Anniversary of the Persian Empire Medal 1971.gif Recipient of the Commemorative Medal of the 2,500 year Celebration of the Persian Empire[57][58]



  • Kingdom of Italy Italian Royal Family:

    • Order of the Most Holy Annunciation BAR.svg Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation


    • Cavaliere di gran Croce Regno SSML BAR.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus


    • Gran croce OCI BAR.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy



Ancestry


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See also


  • Kings of Belgium family tree

  • Crown Council of Belgium

  • Royal Trust


  • Herman Liebaers (Marshal of the Royal Household)


  • André Molitor (private secretary)


  • Jacques van Ypersele de Strihou (private secretary)


  • Pierre-Yves Monette (advisor)


  • King Baudouin Ice Shelf, Antarctica


References




  1. ^ Baudouin's full name was Baudouin Albert Charles Léopold Axel Marie Gustave de Belgique (pronounced [bodwɛ̃ albɛʁ ʃaʁl leopɔld aksɛl maʁi ɡystav də bɛlʒik]) in French and Boudewijn Albert Karel Leopold Axel Marie Gustaaf van België (pronounced [ˈbʌudəʋɛin ˈɑlbərt ˈkaːrəl ˈleːjoːpɔlt ˈɑksəl maːˈri ɣʏˈstaːf fɑm ˈbɛlɣijə]) in Dutch. In isolation, the Dutch word van is pronounced [vɑn].


  2. ^ "Koningin Fabiola had vijf miskramen". Nieuwsblad.be. 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2017-01-17..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  3. ^ Glasenapp, Jörn (2008) '"Der Degendieb von Léopoldville. Robert Lebecks Schlüsselbild der Dekolonisation Afrikas" In Paul, Gerhard (ed.) (2008) Das Jahrhundert der Bilder: 1949 bis heute Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, pp. 242-249,
    ISBN 978-3-525-30012-1, in German


  4. ^ "Ambroise Boimbo, "l'homme qui à humilier le Roi de Belge" au du Congo". Alterinfo.net. Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  5. ^ "La photo du sabre du Roi Baudouin, le 30 juin 1960". Mbokamosika. 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  6. ^ Suzanne McIntire and William E. Burns, Speeches in World History, Infobase Publishing, 2009, pp. 438-40


  7. ^ Paul L. Montgomery (1990-04-05). "Belgian King, Unable to Sign Abortion Law, Takes Day Off". Belgium: New York Times. Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  8. ^ Herold, Stephen. "Society of the Golden Fleece". Chevaliers De La Toison D'or - Toison espagnole (spanish fleece). La Confrérie Amicale. Retrieved 16 January 2017.


  9. ^ Velde, François R. "List of the Knights of the Garter". Heraldica.


  10. ^ "Belgium: Commoner for A Day, or Two". Time. 16 April 1990. Retrieved 26 April 2010.


  11. ^ ab Verslag namens de Onderzoekscommissie van de Belgische Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers van het parlementair onderzoek met het oog op het vaststellen van de precieze omstandigheden waarin Patrice Lumumba werd vermoord en van de eventuele betrokkenheid daarbij van Belgische politici, 16 november 2001


  12. ^ Lyons, Richard D. "Baudouin I, King of Belgium, Dies at 62," New York Times. August 1, 1993.


  13. ^ http://c7.alamy.com/comp/E0M2XA/queen-juliana-escorted-by-king-baudouin-E0M2XA.jpg


  14. ^ https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4003/4484042224_700971a8dc_b.jpg


  15. ^ "Baudoin wearing the orders of the Garter and Leopold". Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  16. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  17. ^ http://rf.llb.be/image/1f/51f8d80935705d93419a101f.gif


  18. ^ http://www.lavdc.net/portail/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/baudouin-kasavubu-lumumba.jpg


  19. ^ http://images.delcampe.com/img_large/auction/000/124/267/454_001.jpg


  20. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  21. ^ http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/03129/Fabiolaandkingtwo_3129806c.jpg


  22. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 53. Retrieved 4 October 2012.


  23. ^ https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/84/9a/7c/849a7c9ac28b8a4260be33ab7219bfab.jpg


  24. ^ https://www.granger.com/wmpix/age/rue/0148193-JOSEPH-DESIRE-MOBUTU-THE-ROI-BAUDOUIN-AND-THE-REINE-FABIOLA-OF-BELGIQUE-General-Joseph-Desire-Mobutu-president-of-Congo-Kinshasa-with-belgium-king-Baudouin-Ist-and-queen-Fabiola-at-Bruxelles-royal-palace-on.jpg


  25. ^ ab "Baudoin wearing German honours". Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  26. ^ Iceland Presidency Website Archived 2013-06-07 at the Wayback Machine., Baudoin, konungur Belgíu - Belgía - 1979-10-16 - Stórkross með keðju (= Baudouin, King of Belgians, Belgium, 16 October 1979, Grand Cross with Collar)


  27. ^ http://www.gettyimages.ch/detail/nachrichtenfoto/1930könig-seit-1951mit-königin-fabiola-bei-ihrem-nachrichtenfoto/545663653#[permanent dead link]


  28. ^ https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/4b/be/6b/4bbe6b36b025984e100376596cf98c5f.jpg


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  30. ^ https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/3d/e5/c0/3de5c0000b2015db00368c15003ac6f6.jpg


  31. ^ http://belgiumjapan150.jp/assets/img/timeline/40-salle-de-banquet.jpg


  32. ^ http://static1.purepeople.com/articles/7/15/17/77/@/1669968-le-roi-baudouin-et-la-reine-fabiola-950x0-1.jpg


  33. ^ http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/media/thumbs/6/6fbb0ccca87d47ee2dcaf53ece6d60aav1_max_635x357_b3535db83dc50e27c1bb1392364c95a2.jpg


  34. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  35. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  36. ^ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Huwelijk_prinses_Beatrix_en_prins_Claus_%281966%29.jpg


  37. ^ "Les Souverains De Belgique En Norvège Pictures". Getty Images. 1965-06-18. Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  38. ^ ab "Baudoin wearing Spanish honours". Gettyimages.co.uk. 1978-09-26. Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  39. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-08.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  40. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  41. ^ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  42. ^ http://u-f.ru/sites/default/files/fabiola1.jpg


  43. ^ https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu49BOIQmc3wKbRjWsEi4UvVHyc4rEKYOB-tDJfwS9z14pWz1Pz3nhQsjAGWvqhXQRaFJCLWwz0FQm4xWMO-FKLVbJvNyoq7EDRRne5Ew6pzsm3dAkYBTnrA6RXmr8XQMZLkWldBZsr3Zp/s1600/KingBaudouinQueenFabiolaWedding.jpg


  44. ^ http://cdn-parismatch.ladmedia.fr/var/news/storage/images/paris-match/royal-blog/monde/en-photos-l-ancienne-reine-des-belges-fabiola-est-decedee-vendredi-soir-a-bruxelles-a-l-age-de-86-ans-664208/fabiola-et-baudoin-en-1978/6655882-1-fre-FR/Fabiola-et-Baudoin-en-1978.jpg


  45. ^ https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5sP0-f4y86mvNxKEH7BjDRCJRfv2Jo5w0aU9Aiydbi2J2OLfB6CkMEXqMeJOtm0otV5YPfk1CTOXSdenqwweSQukQXi3TA2hWJsN09ayDEA7ky6sixiFJgPJrwLeA45J3XELBaFaRZtE/s640/1976.06.19+silvia_carl+gustav_.jp


  46. ^ "The Royal Couple Of Thailand In Belgium". Getty Images. 1960-01-01. Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  47. ^ http://c7.alamy.com/comp/BR45K8/princess-margaret-king-baudouin-royal-family-10-june-1974-tristar-BR45K8.jpg


  48. ^ https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/a0/80/e0/a080e0f2e7a2f997dc1ce200f3eaadb3.jpg


  49. ^ http://www.dw.com/image/0,,4275211_4,00.jpg


  50. ^ https://c2.staticflickr.com/2/1424/5110069989_20b7e1e6fe_b.jpg


  51. ^ https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8nKPvFG3bRMp8GvAoFEERLTHgKYlv4igG34XjqtVvA4DzvtyEGdcoISSjeECho3LnvDKHgawJsx_3KeBzwSJWK8qSexMSKw4qZ-IKjkmVKbkfiSw3lRrDwLrx7Oof7deRw9wsknS2uAY/s1600/394863_548212448522834_375985201_n.jpg


  52. ^ https://c1.staticflickr.com/7/6234/6299069181_1f755daa35.jpg


  53. ^ "Editorial & News Images: News Photography, Pictures, Awards, Events, Sports, Celebrity Photos". Corbisimages.com. 2016-05-02. Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  54. ^ https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyMvkjn1Nqq27TCRr6Rygbjys1CAL1MEFehBjIiS1ZKbhhRmeDWBc1kqkHGXqarUtJ8gPfYwx9KcJkaf7KmTkrryM8Levqm-6gcbc7Rys3QUPSJZfCxyIYjyWAimzTlMHNHJZCM5PL9YBB/s1600/PAR278052.jpg


  55. ^ http://static.skynetblogs.be/media/21181/114_Iran3.jpg


  56. ^ "Queen Fabiola of Belgium, Mohammad Reza Pictures". Getty Images. 1964-11-23. Retrieved 2017-01-17.


  57. ^ Badraie Archived 2004-03-02 at the Wayback Machine.


  58. ^ Badraie Archived 2016-04-06 at the Wayback Machine.



Bibliography


  • Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp 25–31.


Other languages


  • A. Molitor, La fonction royale en Belgique, Brussels, 1979

  • J.Stengers, De koningen der Belgen. Van Leopold I tot Albert II, Leuven, 1997.

  • Kardinaal Suenens, Koning Boudewijn. Het getuigenis van een leven, Leuven, 1995.

  • Kerstrede 18.12.1975, (ed.V.Neels), Wij Boudewijn, Koning der Belgen. Het politiek, sociaal en moreel testament van een nobel vorst, deel II, Gent, 1996.

  • H. le Paige (dir.), Questions royales, Réflexions à propos de la mort d'un roi et sur la médiatisation de l'évènement, Brussels, 1994.


External links


  • Official biography from the Belgian Royal Family website


  • Newspaper clippings about Baudouin of Belgium in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW)








Baudouin of Belgium

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Cadet branch of the House of Wettin

Born: 7 September 1930 Died: 31 July 1993
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Leopold III

King of the Belgians
1951–1993
Succeeded by
Albert II
Royal titles
Preceded by
Leopold

Duke of Brabant
1934–1951

Vacant
Title next held by

Philippe










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