Crater lake
Landsat image of Lake Toba, Indonesia, the largest volcanic crater lake in the world
Lake Pinatubo, Philippines, formed after the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
Space shuttle imagery of Manicouagan Reservoir / Manicouagan impact crater, Canada, the largest impact crater lake in the world
Heaven Lake, North Korea / China
Mount Aso crater lake, Japan
Taal volcano, Philippines
Irazú crater lake, Costa Rica
Maderas crater lake (Ometepe Island), Nicaragua
Lake Ilopango, El Salvador crater lake
Coatepeque Caldera, El Salvador crater lake
Crater Lake in Oregon, USA
Cuicocha, Ecuador
Niuafo'ou crater lake, Tonga
Katmai crater lake, Alaska, USA
Kelimutu crater lake, Indonesia
Mount Dendi double crater lake, Ethiopia (seen from the ISS)
Wonchi crater lake, Ethiopia
Dziani Dzaha, Mayotte
Kerið crater lake, Iceland
Lake Yeak Laom, Cambodia
A crater lake is a lake that forms in a volcanic crater or caldera, such as a maar; less commonly and with lower association to the term a lake may form in an impact crater caused by a meteorite, or in the crater left by an artificial explosion caused by humans. Sometimes lakes which form inside calderas are called caldera lakes, but often this distinction is not made. Crater lakes covering active (fumarolic) volcanic vents are sometimes known as volcanic lakes, and the water within them is often acidic, saturated with volcanic gases, and cloudy with a strong greenish color. For example, the crater lake of Kawah Ijen in Indonesia has a pH of under 0.5.[1] Lakes located in dormant or extinct volcanoes tend to have fresh water, and the water clarity in such lakes can be exceptional due to the lack of inflowing streams and sediment.
Contents
1 Formation
1.1 Volcanic crater lakes
1.2 Other kinds of crater lakes
1.3 Other geological features that can be mistaken for a crater lake
2 List of volcanic crater lakes
3 List of meteor crater lakes
4 List of artificial crater lakes
5 List of crater lakes of unclear origin
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Further reading
8 External links
Formation
Volcanic crater lakes
Crater lakes form as the created depression, within the crater rim, is filled by water. The water may come from precipitation, groundwater circulation (often hydrothermal fluids in the case of volcanic craters) or melted ice. Its level rises until an equilibrium is reached between the rates of incoming and outgoing water. Sources of water loss singly or together may include evaporation, subsurface seepage, and, in places, surface leakage or overflow when the lake level reaches the lowest point on its rim. At such a saddle location, the upper portion of the lake is contained only by its adjacent natural volcanic dam; continued leakage through or surface outflow across the dam can erode its included material, thus lowering lake level until a new equilibrium of water flow, erosion, and rock resistance is established. If the volcanic dam portion erodes rapidly or fails catastrophically, the occurrence produces a breakout or outburst flood. With changes in environmental conditions over time, the occurrence of such floods is common to all natural dam types.
A well-known crater lake, which bears the same name as the geological feature, is Crater Lake in Oregon. It is located in the caldera of Mount Mazama. It is the deepest lake in the United States with a depth of 594 m (1,949 ft). Crater Lake is fed solely by falling rain and snow, with no inflow or outflow at the surface, and hence is one of the clearest lakes in the world.[2]
The highest volcano in the world, 6,893-m (22,615-ft) Ojos del Salado in Chile, has a permanent crater lake about 100 m (330 ft) in diameter at an elevation of 6,390 m (20,965 ft) on its eastern side.[3] This is most likely the highest lake of any kind in the world.
Due to their unstable environments, some crater lakes exist only intermittently. Caldera lakes in contrast can be quite large and long-lasting. For instance, Lake Toba (Indonesia) formed after its eruption around 75,000 years ago. At a size of around 100 km (60 miles) by 30 km (18 miles) in extent and 505 m (1,656 ft) deep at its deepest point, Lake Toba is the largest crater lake in the world.[4] While many crater lakes are picturesque, they can also be deadly. Gas discharges from Lake Nyos (Cameroon) suffocated 1,800 people in 1986, and crater lakes such as Mount Ruapehu's (New Zealand) often contribute to destructive lahars.
Certain bodies of water, although their formation is directly related to volcanic activity, are not usually referred to as crater lakes, including:
- Lakes created by volcanic dams due to lava flowing outside of the volcanic edifice/caldera (such as Garibaldi Lake in Canada, Fuji Five Lakes in Japan)
- Closed atoll lagoons (such as Clipperton lagoon), whose formation process also implies subsequent biogeomorphologic processes
- Ponds encountered at the bottom of waterfalls occurring in volcanic canyons in a volcanic context, but not within a volcanic edifice/caldera (such as Trou de Fer on Réunion Island)
Other kinds of crater lakes
Lakes can also fill impact craters, but these are not usually referred to as crater lakes. Examples include Manicouagan in Canada, Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana and Siljan in Sweden.
More rarely they can also fill craters caused by artificial explosions, such as the radioactive Lake Chagan in Kazakhstan.
Other geological features that can be mistaken for a crater lake
Some geomorphological features, when filled with water, can sometimes be confused with crater lakes:
Pingos (soil-covered ice mounts) whose summital part has collapsed[5]
Sinkholes (karstic holes, also called cenotes), such as Otjikoto Lake in Namibia
Some circular open-pit mines can also present a similar appearance, such as Big Hole in Kimberley, South Africa, a diamond mine (in a kimberlite pipe) where water has accumulated in the artificially created depression.
List of volcanic crater lakes
| Lake | Location |
|---|---|
| Africa | |
Waw an Namus (three small salt lakes in the caldera) |  Libya |
| Deriba Caldera |  Sudan |
| Meme River Basin lakes (Lake Barombi Koto, Lake Barombi Mbo, Lake Mboandong and Lake Dissoni/Soden) |  Cameroon |
| Lake Nachtiga (between Mount Cameroon and the Atlantic coast) | Cameroon |
Bakossi Mountains: Lake Bermin and Mount Manengouba lakes (lac Mâle and lac Femelle) | Cameroon |
Adamawa volcanic lakes (Tison, Mbalang) | Cameroon |
Oku Volcanic Field, including Lake Nyos, Lake Oku, Lake Monoun, Mount Mbapit crater lake, Lake Awing and the Bambili lakes | Cameroon |
Dallol (various acid ponds) |  Ethiopia |
| Zengena Lake | Ethiopia |
| Enyo Lake (or Haro Dandii, a lake filling a double crater caldera on Mount Dendi) and Lake Wonchi[6] (Badda Rogghie Mountains) | Ethiopia |
Debre Zeyit crater lakes (Bishoftu, Hora, Bishoftu Guda, Koriftu and seasonal Cheleklaka) | Ethiopia |
| Lake Dembel, Mount Zuqualla | Ethiopia |
| Lake Ara Shetan (Butajiri-Silti Volcanic Field) | Ethiopia |
O'a Caldera, with Lake Shala and the smaller Chitu water-filled maar | Ethiopia |
Bilate River Volcanic Field (several water-filled maars) | Ethiopia |
| El Sod (small salt lake), South Omo Valley | Ethiopia |
Mount Biao, Bioko Island |  Equatorial Guinea |
| Lago a Pot, Annobón Island | Equatorial Guinea |
| Lake Assal |  Djibouti |
Kabarole District lakes (including lakes Nyinabulitwa, Nyabikere, Nkuruba, Kifuruka) |  Uganda |
| many crater lakes in the Katwe-Kikorongo and Bunyaruguru (or Kichwambe) volcanic fields, respectively on the North and South sides of the Kazinga Channel (including Lake Katwe in the Queen Elizabeth National Park) | Uganda |
Muhavura (small crater lake) |  Rwanda / Uganda |
| Mount Bisoke | Rwanda /  Democratic Republic of Congo |
| Crocodile Lake, Flamingo Lake, Tilapia Lake, on Central Island (Lake Turkana) |  Kenya |
Mount Marsabit (at least two lakes) | Kenya |
Emuruangogolak (several maar lakes) | Kenya |
| Lake Simbi, Mount Homa | Kenya |
Lake Sonachi (Crater Lake Game Sanctuary) | Kenya |
| Lake Chala | Kenya / Tanzania |
| Southern Highlands crater lakes (Lake Ngozi, Kiungululu Crater, Masoko Crater) | Tanzania |
| Lakes Magadi and Empakaai (Ngorongoro Conservation Area) | Tanzania |
| Lake Dziani Boundouni, Mohéli Island | Comoros |
Dziani Dzaha, Petite-Terre | Mayotte |
| Lake Tritriva | Madagascar |
Nosy Be crater lakes | Madagascar |
Itasy crater lakes (close to the larger Lake Itasy) | Madagascar |
| Trou aux Cerfs | Mauritius |
Ganga Talao lake | Mauritius |
| Piton de l'Eau | Réunion |
| Lagoa do Fanal | Portugal, Madeira |
| Laguna de los Ciclos (Charco Verde), El Golfo, Lanzarote | Spain, Canary Islands |
Pedra de Lume (salt lake in the crater), Sal Island | Cape Verde |
Queen Mary's Peak (heart-shaped crater lake) | Tristan da Cunha |
| Asia | |
| Lake Toba | Indonesia, Sumatra |
| Mount Sibayak | Indonesia, Sumatra |
| Lake Maninjau | Indonesia, Sumatra |
| Lake Asam (Suwoh Caldera) | Indonesia, Sumatra |
| Lake Gunung Tujuh | Indonesia, Sumatra |
Mount Talang (Talang and Dibawah Lakes) | Indonesia, Sumatra |
Mount Singgalang (Dewi and Kumbang Lakes) | Indonesia, Sumatra |
| Bukit Daun | Indonesia, Sumatra |
| Mount Kerinci | Indonesia, Sumatra |
| Mount Kaba | Indonesia, Sumatra |
| Mount Kunyit | Indonesia, Sumatra |
| Mount Sumbing | Indonesia, Sumatra |
| Sorikmarapi | Indonesia, Sumatra |
| Ijen | Indonesia, Java |
Kawah Putih, Mount Patuha | Indonesia, Java |
Mount Lamongan (several maare) | Indonesia, Java |
Kelut (no crater lake anymore after 2007–2008 slow eruptions with hot lava dome, but in 2014 eruption lava dome is thrown away and in rainy season, the crater is initial fill with water) | Indonesia, Java |
| Lake Ngebel, Gunung Wilis | Indonesia, Java |
| Mount Lawu | Indonesia, Java |
| Talagabodas | Indonesia, Java |
Tengger caldeira (several maar lakes on Semeru summit, seasonnal lake in Bromo crater) | Indonesia, Java |
The Triangle of Lakes (Ranu Klakah, Ranu Bedali, Ranu Pakis) | Indonesia, Java |
Mount Galunggung crater lake | Indonesia, Java |
| Merdodo (Dieng Volcanic Complex) | Indonesia, Java |
| Telaga Warna (Dieng Volcanic Complex) | Indonesia, Java |
Danau Batur, Bali | Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands |
Lake Segara Anak (Mount Rinjani), Lombok | Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands |
Tambora (ephemeral lake), Sumbawa | Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands |
Kelimutu (three crater lakes), Flores | Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands |
Inielika (several small temporary dark lakes), Flores | Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands |
| Sano Nggoang (the deepest volcanic crater lake in the world with depth of 600 meters), West Manggarai Regency, Flores | Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands |
Mount Sirung, Pantar Island | Indonesia, Lesser Sunda Islands |
| Kawah Masem, Mount Sempu | Indonesia, Sulawesi |
| Mount Mahawu | Indonesia, Sulawesi |
| Lake Tondano | Indonesia, Sulawesi |
| Mount Klabat | Indonesia, Sulawesi |
| Makian | Indonesia, Maluku Islands |
Mount Ibu (several small crater lakes), Halmahera | Indonesia, Maluku Islands |
Todoko-Ranu, Halmahera | Indonesia, Maluku Islands |
Lake Telaga Paca, Halmahera | Indonesia, Maluku Islands |
| four crater lakes in the Lower Chindwin volcanic area, including Twin Taung | Burma (Myanmar) |
| Yak Loum | Cambodia |
| Nong Fa Lake | Laos |
| Toroeng Prong | Vietnam |
Khorgo Uul (at least two lakes) | Mongolia |
| Chaihe scenic spot[7] near Zhalantun (several crater lakes in this volcanic area) | China, Inner Mongolia |
Longwanqun volcanic lakes | China, Jilin |
Heaven Lake (Chonji/Tianchi), Baekdu Mountain | North Korea / China, Jilin |
White Deer Lake (Baengnokdam), Mulyeongari-Oreum, Muljangori-Oreum | South Korea, Jeju Island |
Akan caldera volcanic lakes (Akan, Mashū, Kussharo) | Japan, Hokkaidō |
| Lake Shikotsu | Japan, Hokkaidō |
| Lake Tōya | Japan, Hokkaidō |
| Lake Kuttara | Japan, Hokkaidō |
| Towada | Japan, Honshū |
Tazawa (deepest lake in Japan) | Japan, Honshū |
Mount Zaō (lake Okama) | Japan, Honshū |
Mount Kusatsu-Shirane (three lakes, including the acidic Yu-gama with sulfur rafts floating on its turquoise surface) | Japan, Honshū |
Izu-Tobu (Ippeki lake) | Japan, Honshū |
| Lake Haruna | Japan, Honshū |
Mount Hakone (Lake Ashi) | Japan, Honshū |
Naruko (Lake Katanuma) | Japan, Honshū |
Aizu-Bandai-san (various lakes) | Japan, Honshū |
| Mount Iwate | Japan, Honshū |
Mount Ontake (five crater lakes) | Japan, Honshū |
| Oguni-numa Pond | Japan, Honshū |
| Numazawa-numa lake | Japan, Honshū |
| Hachoike, Mount Amagi | Japan, Honshū |
Mount Aso (Naka-dake) | Japan, Kyūshū |
Satsuma Peninsula, Lake Ikeda and Lake Unagi-ike | Japan, Kyūshū |
Mount Kirishima lakes (including Mi-ike, Oonamino-ike, Rokkannonmi-ike, Byakushi-ike) | Japan, Kyūshū |
| Imuta-ike | Japan, Kyūshū |
| Tairo-ike, Miyake-jima | Japan, Izu Islands |
Otake, Nakanoshima | Japan, Ryukyu Islands |
| Lake Pinatubo | Philippines, Luzon |
Taal Lake (caldera-filling) and the crater lake on its island's volcano | Philippines, Luzon |
| Laguna de Bay | Philippines, Luzon |
Seven Lakes of San Pablo (Bunot, Calibato, Yambo, Pandin, Palakpakin, Muhikap, Sampaloc) | Philippines, Luzon |
| Lake Tikub | Philippines, Luzon |
Mount Talinis (lakes Balinsasayao, Danao and Kabalin-an, within the Guintabon Caldera), Negros Island | Philippines, Visayas |
| Margaja Valley caldera, Kanlaon Volcano, Negros Island | Philippines, Visayas |
| Lakes Danao and Malagsom, Mahagnao Volcano, Leyte Island | Philippines, Visayas |
| Lake Duminagat, Mount Malindang | Philippines, Mindanao |
Lake Leonard, Leonard Kniaseff | Philippines, Mindanao |
| Mount Apo | Philippines, Mindanao |
| Lake Maughan, Mount Parker | Philippines, Mindanao |
Jolo Island, Lakes Seit, Panamao, Timpuak and Sani Crater | Philippines, Mindanao, Sulu Archipelago |
| Lake Khaiyr | Russia, Yakutia |
| Khangar | Russia, Kamchatka |
| Kizimen | Russia, Kamchatka |
| Lake Dalny, Uzon Caldera | Russia, Kamchatka |
| Maly Semyachik | Russia, Kamchatka |
| Bolshoy Semyachik | Russia, Kamchatka |
Karymsky Lake, Akademia Nauk | Russia, Kamchatka |
| Balshoe and Kraternoe, Ksudach | Russia, Kamchatka |
| Kurile Lake | Russia, Kamchatka |
| Gorely | Russia, Kamchatka |
Ebeko, Paramushir Island | Russia, Kuril Islands |
Onekotan Island (Kal'tsevoe Lake in the Tao-Rusyr Caldera and Nemo Lake/Caldera) | Russia, Kuril Islands |
| Ketoy Island | Russia, Kuril Islands |
Zavaritski Caldera, Simushir Island | Russia, Kuril Islands |
Rudakov, Urup Island | Russia, Kuril Islands |
Iturup Island lakes (Medvezhia, Chirip, Grozny Group, Bogatyr Ridge) | Russia, Kuril Islands |
| Sabalan | Iran |
| Nemrut | Turkey |
| Meke Golu (Karapınar Field) | Turkey |
Lake Acıgöl (bitter lake), also called Lake Nar (pomegranate lake) | Turkey |
| Karagöl (Lake Tantalus), Mount Yamanlar | Turkey |
| Lake Ram | Israel |
| Bir Ali crater | Yemen |
Zubayr Group Islands (crater lakes on Saba Island and on the new island formed during the 2011–2012 eruption) | Yemen |
| Europe | |
Eifel volcanic field (where maare were originally described), including Laacher See and Daun maars | Germany |
Eyjafjallajökull (volcano) | Iceland |
| Kerið | Iceland |
Askja (Öskjuvatn and Viti lakes) | Iceland |
| Krafla | Iceland |
| Lake Bardarlaug | Iceland |
Grímsvötn (subglacial lake in the caldera, now exposed following the 2011 eruption) | Iceland |
| crater lakes in the Landmannalaugar area (Blahylur, Ljotipollur) | Iceland |
Chaîne des Puys (Gour de Tazenat, Lac Pavin, Lac de Servière, Lac Chauvet, Lac du Bouchet, Lac d'En-Haut) | France |
| Lac d'Issarlès | France |
Lazio volcanic lakes (Albano, Bolsena, Bracciano, Martignano, Nemi, Vico, Mezzano) | Italy |
Lake Avernus (close to Phlegraean Fields) | Italy |
Lake Sfânta Ana, Ciomadul volcano | Romania |
| Lakes of Monticchio (Lago di Monticchio Grande and Lago di Montichhio Piccolo, twin crater lakes) | Italy |
| Lago Vecchienna | Italy |
| Lago Specchio di Venere (Venus Mirror Lake) or Bagno dell’Acqua (hydrothermal lake within a calderic depression) | Italy, Pantelleria |
| seasonal maar lakes in the Provincia Volcánica de Calatrava (Hoya del Acebuche, Hoya de Cervera) | Spain |
| Lagoa do Caldeirão, Corvo Island | Portugal, Azores |
| Lagoa da Caldeira, Faial Island | Portugal, Azores |
| Lagoas Funda das Lajes, Branca, Comprida, Seca, da Lomba, Rasa, Funda/Negra, Flores Island | Portugal, Azores |
| Caldeira do Enxofre (underground lake filled with cold sulphur water), Graciosa Island | Portugal, Azores |
| Lagoas Seca, da Rosada, Pico Island | Portugal, Azores |
| Lagoa do Pico Pinheiro, São Jorge Island | Portugal, Azores |
Lagoa das Sete Cidades, do Fogo, das Furnas, Azul, Verde, São Miguel Island | Portugal, Azores |
| Lagoas Negra, do Negro, Terceira Island | Portugal, Azores |
| Lake Sfânta Ana | Romania |
Mount Samsari (several small lakes in the caldera) | Georgia |
Lake Akna, Geghama mountains | Armenia |
| Oceania | |
| Mount Ruapehu | New Zealand, North Island |
| Lake Taupo | New Zealand, North Island |
Lakes of Rotorua, including Rotorua, Tarawera, Rotomahana, Rotokakahi, Tikitapu, Okareka and Okataina and smaller lakes from the Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley (Inferno Crater Lake, Frying Pan Lake, Southern Crater Lake) | New Zealand, North Island |
| Lake Pupuke | New Zealand, North Island |
| Mangere Lagoon | New Zealand, North Island |
Mount Tongariro (Tama Lakes, Blue Lake and the Emerald Lakes) | New Zealand, North Island |
Whakaari / White Island (Bay of Plenty), Crater Lake | New Zealand, off North Island coast |
Tuhua / Mayor Island (Bay of Plenty), Lake Aroarotamahine and Lake Te Paritu | New Zealand, off North Island coast |
Raoul Island (Blue Lake, Green Lake, Rui Lake) | New Zealand, Kermadec Islands |
Victory Volcano crater lake | Papua New Guinea, New Guinea |
| Lake Wisdom, Long Island | Papua New Guinea, off New Guinea coast |
Mount Balbi lake | Papua New Guinea, Bougainville |
| Billy Mitchell | Papua New Guinea, Bougainville |
Loloru (crescent-shaped crater lake) | Papua New Guinea, Bougainville |
Dakataua (horseshoe-shaped caldera lake) | Papua New Guinea, New Britain |
| Sakar Island | Papua New Guinea, off New Britain coast |
Mount Gambier maar complex (including Blue Lake) | Australia, South Australia |
Atherton Tableland (Lake Euramoo, Lake Eacham, Lake Barrine, Mount Hypipamee Crater, Lynch's Crater, Bromfield Swamp) | Australia, Queensland |
Mount Le Brun (two intermittent crater lakes) | Australia, Queensland |
Leura maar complex (Purrumbete, Bullen Merri, Gnotuk, Keilambete, Elingamite, Wangoom, Red Rock intermittent lakes) | Australia, Victoria |
| Tower Hill | Australia, Victoria |
| Mount Eccles | Australia, Victoria |
| Green Lake,[8] Kapoho Crater, Kīlauea, Big Island, | USA, Hawaii |
Lake Waiau, crater of the Pu'u Waiau cinder cone, Mauna Kea, Big Island, | USA, Hawaii |
Kalaupapa crater lake, Molokai | USA, Hawaii |
Salt Lake (filled in for an urbanization project, except for a pond in a golf course), Honolulu, Oahu | USA, Hawaii |
Rano Kau, Rano Raraku and Rano Aroi (Ma′unga Terevaka) | Chile, Easter Island |
Anatahan (intermittent lake in the caldera) | Northern Mariana Islands |
| Lake Te Roto, Tikopia | Solomon Islands |
| Lake Lanoto'o, Upolu | Samoa |
| Vai Lahi and Vai Si'i, Niuafo'ou | Tonga |
| Tofua | Tonga |
Late (ephemeral lake) | Tonga |
Home Reef (newly formed island, crater lakes observed in 2006) | Tonga |
| Lakes Lalolao, Lano, Lanutavake, Lanutuli, Lanumaha and Alofivai (intermittent), Wallis Island | Wallis and Futuna |
| Lake Tagimaucia, Taveuni Island | Fiji |
Lake Letas, Gaua Island | Vanuatu |
Lombenben Volcano (lakes Vui, Manaro Ngoru, Manaro Lakua), Aoba Island | Vanuatu |
| North America | |
| Kasatochi volcano, Kasatochi Island | United States, Alaska, Aleutian Islands |
Mount Okmok, Umnak Island | United States, Alaska, Aleutian Islands |
Mount Kanaga, Kanaga Island | United States, Alaska, Aleutian Islands |
| Fenner Lake, Semisopochnoi Island | United States, Alaska, Aleutian Islands |
Fisher Caldera (several lakes), Unimak Island | United States, Alaska, Aleutian Islands |
| Mount Katmai | United States, Alaska |
| Ukinrek Maars | United States, Alaska |
| Mount Kaguyak | United States, Alaska |
Mount Martin (intermittent acidic lake) | United States, Alaska |
| Mount Douglas | United States, Alaska |
| Devil Mountain Lakes | United States, Alaska |
Surprise Lake, Mount Aniakchak | United States, Alaska |
| Mount Emmons | United States, Alaska |
| Mount Spurr | United States, Alaska |
| Mount Chiginagak | United States, Alaska |
Fiftytwo Ridge (several crater lakes) | Canada, British Columbia |
| Mount Rainier | United States, Washington |
| Battle Ground Lake | United States, Washington |
| Crater Lake | United States, Oregon |
| Blue Lake Crater | United States, Oregon |
| Malheur Maar, Diamond Craters | United States, Oregon |
Newberry Volcano (twin crater lakes: Paulina Lake and East Lake) | United States, Oregon |
| Teardrop Pool South Sister | United States, Oregon |
| Yellowstone Lake | United States, Wyoming |
| Soda Lakes | United States, Nevada |
| Medicine Lake Volcano | United States, California |
| Mono–Inyo Craters | United States, California |
| Clear Lake | United States, California |
Shastina (three small crater lakes) | United States, California |
Zuni Salt Lake (maar) | United States, New Mexico |
| Lago Los Espinos | Mexico, Michoacán |
La Alberca lake (also known as La Joya or Lago del Sangre) | Mexico, Guanajuato |
Nevado de Toluca (several lakes) | Mexico, State of Mexico |
| Laguna de Aljojuca | Mexico, Puebla |
Oriental Basin axalapazcos (maar lakes) | Mexico, Puebla / Tlaxcala / Veracruz |
| Sangangüey | Mexico, Nayarit |
| Santa María del Oro | Mexico, Nayarit |
| El Chichón | Mexico, Chiapas |
| Central America & Caribbean | |
| Lago de Amatitlán | Guatemala |
| Lake Ipala | Guatemala |
| Lago de Atitlán | Guatemala |
| Laguna de Ayarza | Guatemala |
Laguna de Calderas (Pacaya) | Guatemala |
| Laguna Chicabal | Guatemala |
| Tecuamburro | Guatemala |
| Lago de Coatepeque (Coatepeque Lake) | El Salvador |
| Laguna Verde (Apaneca) | El Salvador |
| Lago de Ilopango (Ilopango Lake) | El Salvador |
Tecapa volcano (Laguna de Alegría) | El Salvador |
| Chanmico maar (at the foot of the San Salvador volcano) | El Salvador |
Santa Ana Volcano crater lake | El Salvador |
| Cosigüina | Nicaragua |
| Laguna Asososca, Las Pilas | Nicaragua |
| Lakes within the Monte Galan caldera, close to the Momotombo (Laguna Monte Galan, La Sulfatosa, Agua Dulce, El Cachital, Las Piedras) | Nicaragua |
Chiltepe peninsula (Apoyeque and Xiloá lagoons) | Nicaragua |
Managua lagoons (Tiscapa, Asososca, Nejapa) | Nicaragua |
Masaya lake | Nicaragua |
| Apoyo Lagoon | Nicaragua |
| Zapatera Laguna (Zapatera Island, on Lake Nicaragua) | Nicaragua |
Maderas (Ometepe Island, on Lake Nicaragua) | Nicaragua |
| Lake Diego de la Haya, Irazú volcano | Costa Rica |
| Rincón de la Vieja | Costa Rica |
Poás volcano (Laguna Caliente and Laguna Botos) | Costa Rica |
| Cerro Chato | Costa Rica |
| Barva Volcano | Costa Rica |
Mount Liamuiga crater lake, Saint Kitts | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
La Grande Soufrière (la Citerne) | Guadeloupe |
Boiling Lake (Morne Trois Pitons National Park) | Dominica |
| Soufrière | Saint Vincent |
| Grand Etang Lake | Grenada |
| Lac Antoine, Mount Saint Catherine | Grenada |
| South America | |
Azufral (Laguna Verde, Laguna Negra, Laguna Cristal) | Colombia |
| Lagunas Verdes, Chiles Volcano | Ecuador |
Mojanda lakes (Caricocha, Yanacocha and Huarmicocha) | Ecuador |
| Laguna Collanes, El Altar | Ecuador |
| Cuicocha | Ecuador |
| Quilotoa | Ecuador |
| Black Lakes of Jumbura | Ecuador |
La Cumbre, Fernandina Island (ephemeral lake) | Ecuador, Galapagos Islands |
| Tagus Cove, Isabela Island | Ecuador, Galapagos Islands |
| Lake Arcturus, Genovesa Island | Ecuador, Galapagos Islands |
| Laguna El Juncos, San Cristóbal Island | Ecuador, Galapagos Islands |
Santiago Island (small salt crater lake) | Ecuador, Galapagos Islands |
Jayu Quta (also known as Miguel y Alex Tejada or Maracanacito crater) | Bolivia |
| Laguna del Maule | Chile |
Nevado Ojos del Salado (likely the highest lake in the world) | Chile |
| Licancabur Lake | Chile |
Chaitén (crater lakes might have disappeared with the 2008–09 eruption) | Chile |
| Aguas Calientes | Chile |
| Acamarachi | Chile |
| Copahue | Chile / Argentina |
| Planchón-Peteroa | Chile / Argentina |
Laguna Potrok Aike (Pali-Aike Volcanic Field) | Argentina |
| Aracar | Argentina |
| Laguna Diamante, Cerro Galán | Argentina |
| Antarctica & Subantarctic Islands | |
Deception Island maare | off Antarctic Peninsula coast |
| Mount Larson crater lake, Thule Island | South Sandwich Islands |
| small crater lakes on the top of various scoria cones, Marion Island | Prince Edward Islands |
| Bassin du Cratère (connected to sea since 1780, now an 'almost crater lake'), Saint-Paul | Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands |
| Grand Cratère, Île de la Possession | Crozet Islands |
List of meteor crater lakes
| Lake | Location |
|---|---|
| Africa | |
| Lake Bosumtwi | Ghana |
| Tswaing crater | South Africa |
| Oceania | |
| Shoemaker crater | Australia, Western Australia |
Acraman crater (ephemeral playa lake) | Australia, South Australia |
| Asia | |
| Lonar crater lake | India |
| Karakul | Tajikistan |
| Lake El'gygytgyn | Russia, Chukotka |
Lake Cheko (possibly created in 1908 with the Tunguska event) | Russia, Siberia |
| Europe | |
Morasko meteorite nature reserve (five of the seven craters contain lakes) | Poland |
| Lake Siljan | Sweden |
| Dellen | Sweden |
| Mien | Sweden |
| Karikkoselkä | Finland |
| Lake Lappajärvi | Finland |
| Lake Yanisyarvi | Russia |
| Keurusselkä | Finland |
| Paasselkä | Finland |
| Saarijärvi crater | Finland |
| Suvasvesi | Finland |
| Sääksjärvi | Finland |
| Lake Kaali | Estonia |
| Suavjärvi crater | Russia, Karelia |
| North America | |
Lake Manicouagan (artificially enlarged by a dam) | Canada, Quebec |
Pingualuit crater (formerly called Chubb Crater and later New Quebec Crater) | Canada, Quebec |
| Couture crater | Canada, Quebec |
Clearwater Lakes (lake-filling paired impact craters: Lac à l'Eau Claire Est, Lac à l'Eau Claire Ouest) | Canada, Quebec |
| Mistastin crater | Canada, Labrador |
| Lake Wanapitei | Canada, Ontario |
| Gilmour and Tecumseh Lakes, Brent crater | Canada, Ontario |
| West Hawk Lake | Canada, Manitoba |
| Gow crater | Canada, Saskatchewan |
| Pilot crater | Canada, Northwest Territories |
List of artificial crater lakes
| Lake | Location |
|---|---|
| Asia | |
Lake Chagan (crater created in 1965 by a nuclear test, lake still radioactive) | Kazakhstan |
| 'Atomic Lake' (crater created in 1971 by nuclear explosions aimed at building the Pechora–Kama Canal) | Russia, Volga |
List of crater lakes of unclear origin
| Lake | Location |
|---|---|
| South America | |
Lake Guatavita (site of a centuries-old treasure hunt) | Colombia |
| Asia | |
| Lake Salda | Turkey |
Takht-e Soleymān[9][10] (Throne of Solomon, lake surrounded by an archaeological fortified site) | Iran |
| Europe | |
Sirente crater (small shallow seasonal lake) | Italy |
See also
Lava lake – Molten lava contained in a volcanic crater
Volcanic crater – Roughly circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity
Caldera – Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the collapse of a magma chamber
Types of volcanic eruptions – Basic mechanisms of eruption and variations
Maar – Low-relief volcanic crater
Atoll – Ring-shaped coral reef, generally formed over a subsiding oceanic volcano, with a central lagoon and perhaps islands around the rim
Impact crater – Circular depression on a solid astronomical body formed by a hypervelocity impact of a smaller object
References
^ Measuring the acidity of Kawah Ijen crater lake
^
"Facts and Figures about Crater Lake". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-03-17..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ Andes Website - Information about Ojos del Salado volcano, a high mountain in South America and the World's highest volcano Archived 2007-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ Glenday, Craig (2010). Guinness World Record 2011. ISBN 9781904994572.
^ http://icecubicle.net/2010/03/24/phenom-pingos-of-the-far-north/
^ http://www.gtz.de/de/praxis/11695.htm Description of Mount Wonchi crater lake on the website of GTZ
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2012-11-15.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ Kahumana Sanctuary – Geology
^ http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1077.pdf World Heritage nomination file
^ http://noviceview.wordpress.com/2010/10/24/takht-e-soleyman-%e2%80%93-50000bc-%e2%80%93-600bc/ Geological development of Takht-e Soleymān
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crater lakes. |
Further reading
Delmelle, Pierre; Bernard, Alain (2000). "Volcanic Lakes". In Sigurdsson, Haraldur. Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. San Diego: Academic Press (published 1999). pp. 877–895. ISBN 0-12-643140-X.
Varekamp, Johan C.; Rowe, Gary L., Jr., eds. (2000). "Crater Lakes". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 97 (1–4): 1–508. Bibcode:2000JVGR...97....1C. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00167-5. (entire volume about crater lakes)
Pasternack, G. B.; Varekamp, J. C. (1997). "Volcanic lake systematics I. Physical constraints". Bulletin of Volcanology. 58 (7): 526–538. Bibcode:1997BVol...58..528P. doi:10.1007/s004450050160.
Kusakabe, Minoru, ed. (1994). "Geochemistry of Crater Lakes". Geochemical Journal. 28 (3): 137–306. doi:10.2343/geochemj.28.137. (entire issue about chemistry of crater lakes)
External links
- IAVCEI Commission of Volcanic Lakes
- IAVCEI Commission of Volcanic Lakes: Some fundamentals about Crater Lakes
- The Science of Volcanic Lakes
- Volcanic Lakes of the World
- USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Water on volcanoes: heavy rain and crater lakes
- USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory: Volcanic Lakes
The Science of Volcanic Lakes, Greg Pasternack, U. California Davis
Crater Lake National Park documentation in Building Oregon: Architecture of Oregon & the Pacific Northwest archive- World Volcanic Lakes Map
