66th United States Congress














66th United States Congress


65th ←

→ 67th


USCapitol1906.jpg

United States Capitol (1906)

March 4, 1919 – March 4, 1921
Senate President
Thomas R. Marshall (D)
Senate President pro tem
Albert B. Cummins (R)
House Speaker
Frederick H. Gillett (R)
Members96 senators
435 members of the House
5 non-voting delegates
Senate MajorityRepublican
House MajorityRepublican
Sessions

1st: May 19, 1919 – November 19, 1919
2nd: December 1, 1919 – June 5, 1920
3rd: December 6, 1920 – March 3, 1921

The Sixty-sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, comprising the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from March 4, 1919, to March 4, 1921, during the last two years of Woodrow Wilson's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Thirteenth Census of the United States in 1910. Both chambers had a Republican majority.


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Contents





  • 1 Major Legislation


  • 2 Major events


  • 3 Constitutional amendments


  • 4 Treaties


  • 5 Party summary

    • 5.1 Senate


    • 5.2 House of Representatives



  • 6 Leadership

    • 6.1 Senate

      • 6.1.1 Majority (Republican) leadership


      • 6.1.2 Minority (Democratic) leadership



    • 6.2 House of Representatives

      • 6.2.1 Majority (Republican) leadership


      • 6.2.2 Minority (Democratic) leadership




  • 7 Members

    • 7.1 Senate

      • 7.1.1 Alabama


      • 7.1.2 Arizona


      • 7.1.3 Arkansas


      • 7.1.4 California


      • 7.1.5 Colorado


      • 7.1.6 Connecticut


      • 7.1.7 Delaware


      • 7.1.8 Florida


      • 7.1.9 Georgia


      • 7.1.10 Idaho


      • 7.1.11 Illinois


      • 7.1.12 Indiana


      • 7.1.13 Iowa


      • 7.1.14 Kansas


      • 7.1.15 Kentucky


      • 7.1.16 Louisiana


      • 7.1.17 Maine


      • 7.1.18 Maryland


      • 7.1.19 Massachusetts


      • 7.1.20 Michigan


      • 7.1.21 Minnesota


      • 7.1.22 Mississippi


      • 7.1.23 Missouri


      • 7.1.24 Montana


      • 7.1.25 Nebraska


      • 7.1.26 Nevada


      • 7.1.27 New Hampshire


      • 7.1.28 New Jersey


      • 7.1.29 New Mexico


      • 7.1.30 New York


      • 7.1.31 North Carolina


      • 7.1.32 North Dakota


      • 7.1.33 Ohio


      • 7.1.34 Oklahoma


      • 7.1.35 Oregon


      • 7.1.36 Pennsylvania


      • 7.1.37 Rhode Island


      • 7.1.38 South Carolina


      • 7.1.39 South Dakota


      • 7.1.40 Tennessee


      • 7.1.41 Texas


      • 7.1.42 Utah


      • 7.1.43 Vermont


      • 7.1.44 Virginia


      • 7.1.45 Washington


      • 7.1.46 West Virginia


      • 7.1.47 Wisconsin


      • 7.1.48 Wyoming



    • 7.2 House of Representatives

      • 7.2.1 Alabama


      • 7.2.2 Arizona


      • 7.2.3 Arkansas


      • 7.2.4 California


      • 7.2.5 Colorado


      • 7.2.6 Connecticut


      • 7.2.7 Delaware


      • 7.2.8 Florida


      • 7.2.9 Georgia


      • 7.2.10 Idaho


      • 7.2.11 Illinois


      • 7.2.12 Indiana


      • 7.2.13 Iowa


      • 7.2.14 Kansas


      • 7.2.15 Kentucky


      • 7.2.16 Louisiana


      • 7.2.17 Maine


      • 7.2.18 Maryland


      • 7.2.19 Massachusetts


      • 7.2.20 Michigan


      • 7.2.21 Minnesota


      • 7.2.22 Mississippi


      • 7.2.23 Missouri


      • 7.2.24 Montana


      • 7.2.25 Nebraska


      • 7.2.26 Nevada


      • 7.2.27 New Hampshire


      • 7.2.28 New Jersey


      • 7.2.29 New Mexico


      • 7.2.30 New York


      • 7.2.31 North Carolina


      • 7.2.32 North Dakota


      • 7.2.33 Ohio


      • 7.2.34 Oklahoma


      • 7.2.35 Oregon


      • 7.2.36 Pennsylvania


      • 7.2.37 Rhode Island


      • 7.2.38 South Carolina


      • 7.2.39 South Dakota


      • 7.2.40 Tennessee


      • 7.2.41 Texas


      • 7.2.42 Utah


      • 7.2.43 Vermont


      • 7.2.44 Virginia


      • 7.2.45 Washington


      • 7.2.46 West Virginia


      • 7.2.47 Wisconsin


      • 7.2.48 Wyoming


      • 7.2.49 Non-voting members




  • 8 Changes in membership

    • 8.1 Senate


    • 8.2 House of Representatives



  • 9 Committees

    • 9.1 Senate


    • 9.2 House of Representatives


    • 9.3 Joint committees



  • 10 Caucuses


  • 11 Employees

    • 11.1 Senate


    • 11.2 House of Representatives



  • 12 See also


  • 13 References




Major Legislation


  • June 30, 1919: Navy Appropriations Act of 1919

  • June 30, 1919: Hastings Amendment

  • July 11, 1919: Anti-Lobbying Act of 1919

  • July 11, 1919: Army Appropriations Act of 1919

  • July 19, 1919: Sundry Civil Expenses Appropriations Act

  • October 18, 1919: National Prohibition Act (Volstead Act), ch. 85, 41 Stat. 305

  • October 22, 1919: Underground Water Act of 1919

  • October 29, 1919: National Motor Vehicle Theft Act (Dyer Act)

  • November 4, 1919: Deficiency Act of 1919

  • November 6, 1919: Indian Soldier Act of 1919

  • December 24, 1919: Edge Act of 1919

  • February 25, 1920: Oil Leasing Act of 1920

  • February 25, 1920: Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 (Smoot-Sinnot Act), ch. 85, 41 Stat. 437

  • February 25, 1920: Pipeline Rights-of-Way Act

  • February 25, 1920: Sale of Water For Miscellaneous Purposes Act

  • February 28, 1920: Esch-Cummins Act, Pub.L. 66–152, 41 Stat. 456

  • March 9, 1920: Suits in Admiralty Act of 1920

  • March 15, 1920: Military Surplus Act of 1920 (Kahn-Wadsworth Act)

  • March 30, 1920: Death on the High Seas Act of 1920

  • April 13, 1920: Phelan Act of 1920

  • May 1, 1920: Fuller Act of 1920

  • May 10, 1920: Deportation Act of 1920

  • May 18, 1920: Kinkaid Act of 1920

  • May 20, 1920: Sale of Surplus Improved Public Lands Act

  • May 22, 1920: Civil Service Retirement Act of 1920

  • May 29, 1920: Independent Treasury Act of 1920

  • June 2, 1920: Industry Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 (Smith-Bankhead Act)

  • June 2, 1920: Civilian Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1920 (Smith-Fess Act)

  • June 2, 1920: National Park Criminal Jurisdiction Act

  • June 4, 1920: National Defense Act of 1920 (Kahn Act)

  • June 5, 1920: Sills Act of 1920

  • June 5, 1920: Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (Jones Act)

  • June 5, 1920: Women's Bureau Act of 1920

  • June 5, 1920: Ship Mortgage Act of 1920

  • June 5, 1920: River and Harbors Act of 1920

  • June 5, 1920: Federal Water Power Act of 1920 (Esch Act)

  • January 4, 1921: War Finance Corporation Act of 1921

  • March 3, 1921: Patent Act of 1921 (Nolan Act)

  • March 3, 1921: Federal Water Power Act Amendment (Jones-Esch Act)


Major events



A brief special session was called by President Wilson in March 1919, because of a filibuster that had successfully blocked appropriations bills needed to fund day-to-day government operations.[1]


  • April 30, 1919: First wave of the 1919 United States anarchist bombings.

  • June 2, 1919: The home of Attorney General Palmer was bombed in the second wave of anarchist bombings.

  • June 15, 1919: Pancho Villa attacked Ciudad Juárez. When the bullets begin to fly to the U.S. side of the border, 2 units of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment crossed the border and repulse Villa's forces.

  • July 19–23, 1919: Race riot in Washington, D.C.

  • August 31, 1919: American Communist Party was established

  • September 9, 1919: Boston Police Strike

  • September 22, 1919: Steel strike of 1919

  • October 2, 1919: President Woodrow Wilson suffered a massive stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed

  • November 1, 1919: Coal Strike of 1919

  • November 7, 1919: First of the Palmer Raids during the First Red Scare

  • January 2, 1920: Second of the Palmer Raids during the First Red Scare

  • January 16, 1920: Prohibition, went into effect in the United States

  • March 1, 1920: United States Railroad Administration returned control of American railroads to its constituent railroad companies

  • May 7–8, 1920: Louis Freeland Post appeared before the House Committee on Rules, effectively ending Attorney General Palmer's presidential aspirations.

  • November 2, 1920: Warren G. Harding defeated James M. Cox in the U.S. presidential election, 1920


Constitutional amendments


  • January 16, 1919: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal, was ratified by the requisite number of states (then 36) to become part of the Constitution
    • Amendment later repealed on December 5, 1933, by the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution

  • June 4, 1919: Approved an amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibiting the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, and submitted it to the state legislatures for ratification
    • August 18, 1920: The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states (then 36) to become part of the Constitution


Treaties


  • March 19, 1920: Senate refused to ratify Treaty of Versailles


Party summary



Senate















































Party
(shading shows control)
Total
Vacant

Democratic
(D)

Republican
(R)
End of the previous congress

49

47
96
0

Begin

47

49

96
0
End 46 50
Final voting share 7001479000000000000♠47.9% 7001521000000000000♠52.1%
Beginning of the next congress

37

59
96
0


House of Representatives



  • Democratic (D): 192


  • Republican (R): 240 (majority)


  • Prohibition (Proh.): 1


  • Farmer-Labor (FL): 1

TOTAL members: 435



Leadership



Senate



  • President: Thomas R. Marshall (D)


  • President pro tempore: Albert B. Cummins (R)


Majority (Republican) leadership



  • Majority Leader: Henry Cabot Lodge


  • Majority Whip: Charles Curtis


  • Republican Conference Secretary: James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr.


Minority (Democratic) leadership



  • Minority Leader: Oscar Underwood


  • Minority Whip: Peter G. Gerry


  • Democratic Caucus Secretary: William H. King


House of Representatives



  • Speaker: Frederick H. Gillett (R)


Majority (Republican) leadership



  • Majority Leader: Franklin Mondell


  • Majority Whip: Harold Knutson


  • Republican Conference Chair: Horace Mann Towner


Minority (Democratic) leadership



  • Minority Leader: Champ Clark


  • Minority Whip: vacant


  • Democratic Caucus Chairman: Arthur Granville Dewalt


  • Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Scott Ferris


Members


Skip to House of Representatives, below


Senate


In this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1920; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1922; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1924.










House of Representatives


The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.










Changes in membership


The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.



Senate


  • replacements: 5

    • Democratic: 1 seat net loss


    • Republican: 1 seat net gain


  • deaths: 2

  • resignations: 2

  • vacancy: 1


  • Total seats with changes: 6































State
Senator
Reason for Vacancy
Successor
Date of Successor's Installation

Virginia
(2)

Thomas S. Martin (D)
Died November 12, 1919. Successor was appointed and subsequently elected.

Carter Glass (D)
February 2, 1920

Alabama
(2)

John H. Bankhead (D)
Died March 1, 1920. Successor was appointed.

B. B. Comer (D)
March 5, 1920

Alabama
(2)

B. B. Comer (D)
Successor was elected.

J. Thomas Heflin (D)
November 3, 1920

Ohio
(3)

Warren G. Harding (R)
Resigned January 13, 1921, after being elected President of the United States.
Successor was appointed having already been elected to the next term.

Frank B. Willis (R)
January 14, 1921

Idaho
(3)

John F. Nugent (D)
Resigned January 14, 1921, after losing election and subsequently being appointed to the Federal Trade Commission.
Successor was appointed having already been elected to the next term..

Frank R. Gooding (R)
January 15, 1921


House of Representatives


  • replacements: 23

    • Democratic: 4 seat net loss


    • Republican: 4 seat net gain


  • deaths: 13

  • resignations: 10

  • contested elections: 3


  • Total seats with changes: 32
































































































































































District
Vacator
Reason for Vacancy
Successor


Texas 12th
Vacant
Rep. James C. Wilson died during previous congress

Fritz G. Lanham (D)
April 19, 1919

Virginia 8th
Vacant
Rep. Charles C. Carlin resigned during previous congress

R. Walton Moore (D)
April 19, 1919

Kentucky 8th
Vacant
Rep. Harvey Helm died during previous congress

King Swope (R)
August 1, 1919

Louisiana 1st

Albert Estopinal (D)
Died April 28, 1919

James O'Connor (D)
June 5, 1919

Alaska Territory

Charles A. Sulzer (D)
Died April 28, 1919

George B. Grigsby (D)
June 30, 1920

Alabama 7th

John L. Burnett (D)
Died May 13, 1919

Lilius Bratton Rainey (D)
September 30, 1919

Minnesota 4th

Carl Van Dyke (D)
Died May 20, 1919

Oscar Keller (R)
July 1, 1919

South Carolina 6th

J. Willard Ragsdale (D)
Died July 23, 1919

Philip H. Stoll (D)
October 7, 1919

South Carolina 7th

Asbury F. Lever (D)
Resigned August 1, 1919, after becoming member of the Federal Farm Loan Board

Edward C. Mann (D)
October 7, 1919

Oklahoma 5th

Joseph B. Thompson (D)
Died September 18, 1919

John W. Harreld (R)
November 8, 1919

Massachusetts 10th

John F. Fitzgerald (D)
Lost contested election October 23, 1919

Peter F. Tague (D)
October 23, 1919

North Carolina 9th

Edwin Y. Webb (D)
Resigned November 10, 1919, after being appointed United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina

Clyde R. Hoey (D)
December 16, 1919

Wisconsin 5th

Victor L. Berger (Socialist)
Ousted November 10, 1919, due to his conviction under the Espionage Act of 1917
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Missouri 3rd

Joshua W. Alexander (D)
Resigned December 15, 1919, after being appointed United States Secretary of Commerce

Jacob L. Milligan (D)
February 14, 1920

Virginia 4th

Walter A. Watson (D)
Died December 24, 1919

Patrick H. Drewry (D)
April 27, 1920

New York 10th

Reuben L. Haskell (R)
Resigned December 31, 1919

Lester D. Volk (R)
November 2, 1920

New York 14th

Fiorello H. La Guardia (R)
Resigned December 31, 1919, after being elected President of the New York City Board of Aldermen

Nathan D. Perlman (R)
November 2, 1920

Pennsylvania 3rd

J. Hampton Moore (R)
Resigned January 4, 1920, after being elected Mayor of Philadelphia

Harry C. Ransley (R)
November 2, 1920

Virginia 5th

Edward W. Saunders (D)
Resigned February 29, 1920, after being elected judge of State Supreme Court of Appeals

Rorer A. James (D)
June 1, 1920

Philippines At-large

Teodoro R. Yangco
Term expired March 3, 1920

Isauro Gabaldon
March 4, 1920

New Jersey 1st

William J. Browning (R)
Died March 24, 1920

Francis F. Patterson, Jr. (R)
November 2, 1920

Michigan 13th

Charles A. Nichols (R)
Died April 25, 1920

Clarence J. McLeod (R)
November 2, 1920

New York 26th

Edmund Platt (R)
Resigned June 7, 1920, after being appointed to the Federal Reserve Board

Hamilton Fish III (R)
November 2, 1920

Oklahoma 8th

Dick T. Morgan (R)
Died July 4, 1920

Charles Swindall (R)
November 2, 1920

Alabama 5th

J. Thomas Heflin (D)
Resigned November 1, 1920, after being elected to the U.S. Senate

William B. Bowling (D)
December 14, 1920

Pennsylvania At-large

Mahlon M. Garland (R)
Died November 19, 1920
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

New York 3rd

John MacCrate (R)
Resigned December 30, 1920, after being elected justice to the Supreme Court of the State of New York
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Massachusetts 9th

Alvan T. Fuller (R)
Resigned January 5, 1921, after being elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Missouri 4th

Charles F. Booher (D)
Died January 21, 1921
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Alabama 4th

Fred L. Blackmon (D)
Died February 8, 1921
Seat remained vacant until next Congress

Pennsylvania 10th

Patrick McLane (D)
Lost contested election February 25, 1921

John R. Farr (R)
February 25, 1921

Alaska Territory

George B. Grigsby (D)
Lost contested election March 1, 1921

James Wickersham (R)
March 1, 1921


Committees


Lists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (6 links), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.



Senate



  • Additional Accommodations for the Library of Congress (Select)

  • Agriculture and Forestry

  • Appropriations

  • Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate

  • Banking and Currency


  • Budget (Special)

  • Canadian Relations

  • Census

  • Civil Service and Retrenchment

  • Claims

  • Coast and Insular Survey

  • Coast Defenses

  • Commerce

  • Conservation of National Resources

  • Corporations Organized in the District of Columbia

  • Cuban Relations

  • Disposition of Useless Papers in the Executive Departments

  • District of Columbia


  • District of Columbia Public School System (Select)

  • Education and Labor

  • Engrossed Bills


  • Establish a University in the United States (Select)

  • Examine the Several Branches in the Civil Service

  • Expenditures in the Department of Agriculture

  • Expenditures in the Department of Commerce

  • Expenditures in the Interior Department

  • Expenditures in the Department of Justice

  • Expenditures in the Department of Labor

  • Expenditures in the Navy Department

  • Expenditures in the Post Office Department

  • Expenditures in the Department of State

  • Expenditures in the Treasury Department

  • Finance

  • Fisheries

  • Five Civilized Tribes of Indians

  • Foreign Relations

  • Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game

  • Geological Survey

  • Immigration

  • Immigration and Naturalization

  • Indian Affairs

  • Industrial Expositions

  • Interoceanic Canals

  • Interstate Commerce

  • Irrigation and Reclamation

  • Judiciary

  • Library

  • Manufactures

  • Military Affairs

  • Mines and Mining


  • Mississippi River and its Tributaries (Select)

  • National Banks

  • Naval Affairs

  • Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico

  • Pacific Railroads

  • Patents

  • Pensions

  • Philippines

  • Post Office and Post Roads

  • Printing

  • Private Land Claims

  • Privileges and Elections

  • Public Buildings and Grounds

  • Public Health and National Quarantine

  • Public Lands

  • Railroads


  • Reconstruction and Production (Select)

  • Revision of the Laws

  • Revolutionary Claims

  • Rules

  • Standards, Weights and Measures


  • Tariff Regulation (Select)

  • Territories


  • Transportation and Sale of Meat Products (Select)

  • Transportation Routes to the Seaboard


  • Trespassers upon Indian Lands (Select)

  • Whole

  • Woman Suffrage


House of Representatives


  • Accounts

  • Agriculture

  • Alcoholic Liquor Traffic

  • Appropriations

  • Banking and Currency


  • Budget (Select)

  • Census

  • Claims

  • Coinage, Weights and Measures

  • Disposition of Executive Papers

  • District of Columbia

  • Education

  • Election of the President, Vice President and Representatives in Congress

  • Elections

  • Enrolled Bills

  • Expenditures in the Agriculture Department

  • Expenditures in the Commerce Department

  • Expenditures in the Interior Department

  • Expenditures in the Justice Department

  • Expenditures in the Labor Department

  • Expenditures in the Navy Department

  • Expenditures in the Post Office Department

  • Expenditures in the State Department

  • Expenditures in the Treasury Department

  • Expenditures in the War Department

  • Expenditures on Public Buildings

  • Flood Control

  • Foreign Affairs

  • Immigration and Naturalization

  • Indian Affairs

  • Industrial Arts and Expositions

  • Insular Affairs

  • Interstate and Foreign Commerce

  • Invalid Pensions

  • Irrigation of Arid Lands

  • Labor

  • Merchant Marine and Fisheries

  • Mileage

  • Military Affairs

  • Mines and Mining

  • Naval Affairs

  • Patents

  • Pensions

  • Post Office and Post Roads

  • Public Buildings and Grounds

  • Public Lands

  • Railways and Canals

  • Reform in the Civil Service

  • Revision of Laws

  • Rivers and Harbors

  • Roads

  • Rules

  • Standards of Official Conduct

  • Territories

  • War Claims


  • Water Power (Special)

  • Ways and Means

  • Woman Suffrage

  • Whole


Joint committees



  • Conditions of Indian Tribes (Special)

  • Disposition of (Useless) Executive Papers

  • High Cost of Living

  • Pacific Coast Naval Bases

  • Postal Salaries

  • Postal Service

  • Reclassification of Salaries

  • Reorganization

  • Reorganization of the Administrative Branch of the Government

  • To Investigate the System of Shortime Rural Credits


Caucuses



  • Democratic (House)


  • Democratic (Senate)


Employees



  • Architect of the Capitol: Elliott Woods


  • Librarian of Congress: Herbert Putnam


  • Public Printer of the United States: Cornelius Ford


Senate



  • Chaplain: F.J. Prettyman (Methodist)

    • John J. Muir (Baptist), from January 21, 1921.


  • Secretary: James M. Baker

    • George A. Sanderson, from May 19, 1919.


  • Sergeant at Arms: Charles P. Higgins

    • David S. Barry, from May 19, 1919.


House of Representatives



  • Chaplain: Henry N. Couden (Universalist)


  • Clerk: William T. Page


  • Doorkeeper: Bert W. Kennedy


  • Clerk at the Speaker’s Table: Clarence A. Cannon
    • Lehr Fess


  • Reading Clerks: Patrick Joseph Haltigan (D) and N/A (R)


  • Postmaster: Frank W. Collier


  • Sergeant at Arms: Joseph G. Rodgers


See also



  • United States elections, 1918 (elections leading to this Congress)
    • United States Senate elections, 1918

    • United States House of Representatives elections, 1918



  • United States elections, 1920 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
    • United States presidential election, 1920

    • United States Senate elections, 1920

    • United States House of Representatives elections, 1920



References




  1. ^ The official Senate website provides the full story of this filibuster as part of a biography of Charles P. Higgins[1], the Senate Sergeant-at-Arms who was the only Democrat to fill that office in a space of almost forty years.


  2. ^ Senator Augustus O. Stanley (D-Kentucky) was elected but chose not to take his seat until May 19, 1919, preferring to continue his term as Governor of Kentucky. However, Stanley was duly elected and qualified and was therefore a Senator despite not taking his seat for two months.




  • Gould, Lewis L. (2005). The Most Exclusive Club. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Group. ISBN 0-465-02778-4..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  • Remini, Robert V. (2006). The House. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-06-088434-7.


  • U.S. Congress (2005). "Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress". Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-01.


  • U.S. House of Representatives (2006). "Congressional History". Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-01.


  • U.S. Senate (2006). "Statistics and Lists". Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-01.


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 1st Session.


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 2nd Session.


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 2nd Session (1st Revision).


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 2nd Session (2nd Revision).


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 3rd Session.


  • Official Congressional Directory for the 66th Congress, 3rd Session (Revision).








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