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Ge Hong (葛洪; b. 283 ^[1][2] - d. 343 ^[1] or 364 ^[2]) was an Eastern Jin Dynasty scholar, and the author of Essays on Chinese Characters. He is the originator of First Aid in TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) and influenced later generations.

Ge Hong was born as the third son into a well-established family, his father died when he was 13. He was often asked to appraise his friends and acquittance as possible candidates for government office positions and was also chosen to perform military service. However he was unhappy with his life as an official. Although he never rejected the Confucianism, he grew interested in Daoist philosophy and using drugs so he could achieve the spiritual freedoms of an immortal. He wrote an autobiography of his life that was the last part of his collected writings^[3]

His grandfather served as Minister of Personnel and his father as governor. By Ge Hong's time, although the family was declining, he was once made Marquis of the area within the past relying on his meritorious military service.

References

Further reading

• Campany, Robert Ford. To Live As Long As Heaven and Earth: Ge Hong’s Traditions of Divine Transcendents. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002


• Davis, Tenney and Ch’en Kuo-fu. "The Inner Chapters of Pao-p’u-tzu." Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 74 (1941): 297-325. chaps. 8 and 11
  


• Fang Xuanling, et. al. Jin shu (History of the Jin Dynasty). 10 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1998


• Feifel, Eugene. "Pao-p’u tzu nei-p’ien." Monumenta Serica 6 (1941): 113-211; 9 (1944): 1-33; 11 (1946): 1-32. [chaps 1-4 and 11]


• Giles, Lionel. A Gallery of Chinese Immortals. London: John Murray, 1948.


• Hu Fuchen. Baopuzi neipian yanjiu (Research on the Inner Chapters of The Master Embracing Simplicity). Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe, 1991


• Lin Lixue. Baopuzi nei wai pian sixiang xi lun (An Analysis of the Thought of the Inner and Outer Chapters of The Master Embracing Simplicity). Taibei: Xuesheng, 1980.


• Penny, Benjamin. "The Text and Authorship of Shenxian zhuan". Journal of Oriental Studies 34 (1996): 165-209.


• Ren Jiyu, ed. Zhongguo daojiao shi (A History of Chinese Daoism). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1997.


• Robinet, Isabelle. Daoism: Growth of a Religion, translated by Phyllis Brooks. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.


• Sailey, Jay. The Master Who Embraces Simplicity: A study of the philosopher Ko Hung, A.D. 283-343. San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center. 1978.
  ISBN 0-89644-522-4
  


• Sivin, Nathan. "On the Pao P’u Tzu Nei Pien and the Life of Ko Hong (283-343)". Isis 60 (1976): 388-391.


• Sivin, Nathan. "On the Word ‘Daoist’ as a Source of Perplexity". History of Religions 17(1978): 303-330.


• Tang Yijie. Wei Jin Nan Bei Chao shiqi de daojiao (Daoism in the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties Era). Taibei: Dongda tushu gongsi yinhang, 1991


• Wang Liqi. Ge Hong lun (A Discussion of Ge Hong). Taibei: Wunan tushu chubanshe, 1997.


• Ware, James R. Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The Nei Pien of Ko Hung. Mineola, NY: Dover. 1981.
  ISBN 0-486-24088-6
  


• Wells, Matthew. "Self as Historical Artifact: Ge Hong and Early Chinese Autobiography". Early Medieval China 9 (2003): 71-103.


• Wong, Eva. Teachings of the Tao. Boston: Shambhala, 1997. (96-104)


• Wu Lu-ch’iang and Tenney Davis. "An Ancient Chinese Alchemical Classic. Ko Hung on the Gold Medicine and on the Yellow and the White." Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 70 (1935): 221-84. [chaps. 4 and 16]

External links

• Ge Hong


• 
  Works by Ge Hong at Project Gutenberg
  


• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry


• Biographical profile


• 
  Biography^{[permanent dead link]}