Tokugawa Ieyasu


























Tokugawa Ieyasu
徳川家康
Tokugawa Ieyasu2 full.JPG
Shōgun

In office
1603–1605
MonarchGo-Yōzei
Preceded bySengoku period
Succeeded byTokugawa Hidetada

Personal details
Born
Matsudaira Takechiyo
(松平 竹千代)

January 31, 1543
Okazaki Castle, Mikawa
(now Okazaki, Japan)
DiedJune 1, 1616(1616-06-01) (aged 73)
Sunpu, Tokugawa shogunate
(now Shizuoka, Japan)
Spouse(s)

  • Lady Tsukiyama

  • Asahi no kata

Children

Legitimate:
  • Matsudaira Nobuyasu

  • Kame-hime

Illegitimate:


  • Yūki Hideyasu

  • Toku-hime

  • Tokugawa Hidetada

  • Matsudaira Tadayoshi

  • Takeda Nobuyoshi

  • Matsudaira Tadateru

  • Matsudaira Matsuchiyo

  • Matsudaira Senchiyo

  • Tokugawa Yoshinao

  • Tokugawa Yorinobu

  • Tokugawa Yorifusa

  • Furihime

  • Matsuhime

  • Ichihime

Among others...


MotherOdai-no-kata
FatherMatsudaira Hirotada
Military service
Allegiance
Japanese crest Imagawa Akadori.svg Imagawa clan
Mon-Oda.png Oda clan
Imperial Seal of Japan.svg Imperial House of Japan
Flag of the Tokugawa Shogunate.svg Tokugawa shogunate
Unit
Tokugawa family crest.svg Tokugawa clan
Battles/warssee below




The Tokugawa clan crest


Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康, January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which effectively ruled Japan from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Ieyasu seized power in 1600, received appointment as shōgun in 1603, and abdicated from office in 1605, but remained in power until his death in 1616. His given name is sometimes spelled Iyeyasu,[1][2] according to the historical pronunciation of the kana character he. Ieyasu was posthumously enshrined at Nikkō Tōshō-gū with the name Tōshō Daigongen (東照大権現). He was one of the three unifiers of Japan, along with his former lord Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi.




Contents





  • 1 Background


  • 2 Early life (1542–1556)


  • 3 Rise to power (1556–1584)

    • 3.1 Alliance with Oda


    • 3.2 Growing Political Influence


    • 3.3 Conflict with Takeda


    • 3.4 Death of Nobunaga



  • 4 Ieyasu and Hideyoshi (1584–1598)


  • 5 The Sekigahara Campaign (1598–1603)


  • 6 Shōgun (1603–1605)


  • 7 Ōgosho (1605–1616)

    • 7.1 Relations with foreign powers


    • 7.2 Siege of Osaka



  • 8 Death


  • 9 Era of Ieyasu's rule


  • 10 Ieyasu's character


  • 11 Honours


  • 12 Parents and Siblings

    • 12.1 Parents


    • 12.2 Siblings

      • 12.2.1 Father Side


      • 12.2.2 Mother Side




  • 13 Wives and Concubines


  • 14 Children

    • 14.1 Adopted children



  • 15 Ancestry


  • 16 Ieyasu in popular culture

    • 16.1 Honnōji theory


    • 16.2 Impostor theory



  • 17 Notable descendants


  • 18 See also


  • 19 Notes


  • 20 Bibliography


  • 21 Further reading


  • 22 External links




Background


During the Muromachi period, the Matsudaira clan controlled a portion of Mikawa Province (the eastern half of modern Aichi Prefecture). Ieyasu's father, Matsudaira Hirotada, was a minor local warlord based at Okazaki Castle who controlled a portion of the Tōkaidō highway linking Kyoto with the eastern provinces. His territory was sandwiched between stronger and predatory neighbors, including the Imagawa clan based in Suruga Province to the east and the Oda clan to the west. Hirotada's main enemy was Oda Nobuhide, the father of Oda Nobunaga.[3]



Early life (1542–1556)


Tokugawa Ieyasu was born in Okazaki Castle on the 26th day of the twelfth month of the eleventh year of Tenbun, according to the Japanese calendar. Originally named Matsudaira Takechiyo (松平 竹千代), he was the son of Matsudaira Hirotada (松平 広忠), the daimyō of Mikawa of the Matsudaira clan, and Odai-no-kata (於大の方, Lady Odai), the daughter of a neighbouring samurai lord, Mizuno Tadamasa (水野 忠政). His mother and father were step-siblings. They were just 17 and 15 years old, respectively, when Ieyasu was born.


In the year of Ieyasu's birth, the Matsudaira clan was split. In 1543, Hirotada's uncle, Matsudaira Nobutaka defected to the Oda clan. This gave Oda Nobuhide the confidence to attack Okazaki. Soon afterwards, Hirotada's father-in-law died, and his son Mizuno Nobumoto revived the clan's traditional enmity against the Matsudaira and declared for Oda Nobuhide as well. As a result, Hirotada divorced Odai-no-kata and sent her back to her family.[3] As both husband and wife remarried and both went on to have further children, Ieyasu eventually had 11 half-brothers and sisters.


As Oda Nobuhide continued to attack Okazaki, in 1548 Hirotada turned to his powerful eastern neighbor, Imagawa Yoshimoto for assistance. Yoshimoto agreed to an alliance under the condition that Hirotada send his young heir to Sunpu Domain as a hostage.[3]


Oda Nobuhide, learned of this arrangement and had Ieyasu abducted from his entourage en route to Sunpu.[4] Ieyasu was just five years old at the time.[5]


Nobuhide threatened to execute Ieyasu unless his father severed all ties with the Imagawa clan; however, Hirotada refused, stating that sacrificing his own son would show his seriousness in his pact with the Imagawa. Despite this refusal, Nobuhide chose not to kill Ieyasu, but instead held him as a hostage for the next three years at the Mansho-ji Temple in Nagoya.


In 1549, when Ieyasu was 6,[5] his father Hirotada was murdered by his own vassals, who had been bribed by the Oda clan. At about the same time, Oda Nobuhide died during an epidemic. Nobuhide's death dealt a heavy blow to the Oda clan. An army under the command of Imagawa Sessai laid siege to the castle where Oda Nobuhiro, Nobuhide's eldest son and the new head of the Oda, was living. With the castle about to fall, Sessai offered a deal to Oda Nobunaga, Nobuhide's second son. Sessai offered to give up the siege if Ieyasu was handed over to the Imagawa. Nobunaga agreed, and so Ieyasu (now nine) was taken as a hostage to Sumpu. At Sumpu, he remained a hostage, but was treated fairly well as a potentially useful future ally of the Imagawa clan until 1556 when he was 15 years old.[5]



Rise to power (1556–1584)


In 1556 Ieyasu officially came of age, with Imagawa Yoshimoto presiding over his genpuku ceremony. Following tradition, he changed his name from Matsudaira Takechiyo to Matsudaira Jirōsaburō Motonobu (松平 次郎三郎 元信). He was also briefly allowed to visit Okazaki to pay his respects to the tomb of his father, and receive the homage of his nominal retainers, led by the karō Torii Tadayoshi.[3]


One year later, at the age of 13 (according to East Asian age reckoning), he married his first wife, Lady Tsukiyama, a relative of Imagawa Yoshitmoto, and changed his name again to Matsudaira Kurandonosuke Motoyasu (松平 蔵人佐 元康). Allowed to return to his native Mikawa, the Imagawa then ordered him to fight the Oda clan in a series of battles.


Motoyasu fought his first battle in 1558 at the Siege of Terabe. The castellan of Terabe in western Mikawa, Suzuki Shigeteru, betrayed the Imagawa by defecting to Oda Nobunaga. This was nominally within Matsudaira territory, so Imagawa Yoshimoto entrusted the campaign to Ieyasu and his retainers from Okazaki. Ieyasu led the attack in person, but after taking the outer defences, grew fearful of a counterattack to the rear, so he burned the main castle and withdrew. As anticipated, the Oda forces attacked his rear lines, but Motoyasu was prepared and drove off the Oda army.[6]


He then succeeded in delivering supplies in the 1559 Siege of Odaka. Odaka was the only one of five disputed frontier forts under attack by the Oda which remained in Imagawa hands. Motoyasu launched diversionary attacks against the two neighboring forts, and when the garrisons of the other forts went to their assistance, Ieyasu’s supply column was able to reach Odaka.[7]


By 1560 the leadership of the Oda clan had passed to the brilliant leader Oda Nobunaga. Imagawa Yoshimoto, leading a large army (perhaps 25,000 strong) invaded Oda clan territory. Motoyasu was assigned a separate mission to capture the stronghold of Marune. As a result, he and his men were not present at the Battle of Okehazama where Yoshimoto was killed in Nobunaga's surprise assault.[4]:37



Alliance with Oda


With Yoshimoto dead, and the Imagawa clan in a state of confusion, Motoyasu used the opportunity to assert his independence and marched his men back into the abandoned Okazaki Castle and reclaimed his ancestral seat.[6]


Motoyasu then decided to ally with the Oda clan.[8] A secret deal was needed because Motoyasu's wife, Lady Tsukiyama, and infant son, Nobuyasu, were held hostage in Sumpu by Imagawa Ujizane, Yoshimoto’s heir.


In 1561, Motoyasu openly broke with the Imagawa and captured the fortress of Kaminogō. Kaminogō was held by Udono Nagamochi. Resorting to stealth, Motoyasu attacked under cover of darkness, setting fire to the castle, and capturing two of Udono’s sons, whom he used as hostages to exchange for his wife and son.[7]:216


In 1563 Nobuyasu was married to Nobunaga's daughter Tokuhime.


For the next few years Motoyasu was occupied with reforming the Matsudaira clan and pacifying Mikawa. He also strengthened his key vassals by awarding them land and castles. These vassals included: Honda Tadakatsu, Ishikawa Kazumasa, Kōriki Kiyonaga, Hattori Hanzō, Sakai Tadatsugu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa.




An ukiyo-e print depicting the Battle of Azukizaka. In his early days as daimyō of Mikawa Ieyasu had difficult relations with the Jōdō temples which escalated in 1563–64.


During this period, the Matsudaira clan also faced a threat from a different source. Mikawa was a major center for the Ikkō-ikki movement, where peasants banded together with militant monks under the Jōdo Shinshū sect, and rejected the traditional feudal social order. Motoyasu undertook several battles to suppress this movement in his territories, including the Battle of Azukizaka.[7]:216 Ts. In one engagement, he was nearly killed when struck by two bullets which did not penetrate his armour. Both sides were using the new gunpowder weapons which the Portuguese had introduced to Japan just 20 years earlier.



Growing Political Influence


In 1567, he changed his name yet again, this time to Tokugawa Ieyasu. By so doing, he claimed descent from the Minamoto clan. No proof has actually been found for this alleged descent from Emperor Seiwa.[9] Yet, his family name was changed with the permission of the Imperial Court, after writing a petition, and he was bestowed the courtesy title Mikawa-no-kami and the court rank of Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下).
Ieyasu remained an ally of Nobunaga and his Mikawa soldiers were part of Nobunaga's army which captured Kyoto in 1568. At the same time Ieyasu was expanding his own territory. Ieyasu and Takeda Shingen, the head of the Takeda clan in Kai Province made an alliance for the purpose of conquering all the Imagawa territory.[10]:279 In 1570, Ieyasu's troops captured Yoshida Castle (modern Toyohashi), which made him master of all of Mikawa Province, and he penetrated into Tōtōmi Province. Meanwhile, Shingen's troops captured Suruga Province (including the Imagawa capital of Sunpu). Imagawa Ujizane fled to Kakegawa Castle, which Ieyasu placed under siege. Ieyasu then negotiated with Ujizane, promising that if he should surrender himself and the remainder of Tōtōmi, he would assist Ujizane in regaining Suruga. Ujizane had nothing left to lose, and Ieyasu immediately ended his alliance with Takeda, instead making a new alliance with Takeda’s enemy to the north, Uesugi Kenshin of the Uesugi clan. Through these political manipulations, Ieyasu gained the support of the samurai of Tōtōmi Province.[6]


In 1570, Ieyasu established Hamamatsu as the capital of his territory, placing his son Nobuyasu in charge of Okazaki.[11]


The same year, he led 5,000 of his men to support Nobunaga at the Battle of Anegawa against the Azai and Asakura clans.[4]:62



Conflict with Takeda


In October 1571, Takeda Shingen, now allied with the Odawara Hōjō clan, attacked the Tokugawa lands in Tōtōmi. Ieyasu asked for help from Nobunaga, who sent him some 3,000 troops. Early in 1572 the two armies met at the Battle of Mikatagahara. The considerably larger Takeda army, under the expert direction of Shingen, overwhelmed Ieyasu's troops and caused heavy casualties. Despite his initial reticence, Ieyasu was convinced by one of his generals to retreat.[12][11] The battle was a major defeat, but in the interests of maintaining the appearance of dignified withdrawal, Ieyasu brazenly ordered the men at his castle to light torches, sound drums, and leave the gates open, to properly receive the returning warriors. To the surprise and relief of the Tokugawa army, this spectacle made the Takeda generals suspicious of being led into a trap, so they did not besiege the castle and instead made camp for the night.[12] This error would allow a band of Tokugawa ninja to raid the camp in the ensuing hours, further upsetting the already disoriented Takeda army, and ultimately resulting in Shingen's decision to call off the offensive altogether. Incidentally, Takeda Shingen would not get another chance to advance on Hamamatsu, much less Kyoto, since he would perish shortly after the Siege of Noda Castle a year later in 1573.[8]:153–156


Shingen was succeeded by his less capable son Takeda Katsuyori. In 1575, the Takeda attacked Nagashino Castle in Mikawa Province. Ieyasu appealed to Nobunaga for help and the result was that Nobunaga personally came at the head of a very large army (about 30,000 strong). The Oda-Tokugawa force of 38,000 won a great victory on June 28, 1575, at the Battle of Nagashino, though Takeda Katsuyori survived the battle and retreated back to Kai Province.


For the next seven years, Ieyasu and Katsuyori fought a series of small battles, as the result of which Ieyasu's troops managed to wrest control of Suruga Province away from the Takeda clan.


In 1579, Ieyasu's wife, and his heir Nobuyasu, were accused by Nobunaga of conspiring with Takeda Katsuyori to assassinate Nobunaga, whose daughter Tokuhime (1559–1636) was married to Nobuyasu. For this Ieyasu ordered his wife to be executed and forced his oldest son by her, Nobuyasu, to commit seppuku. Ieyasu then named his third son, Tokugawa Hidetada, as heir, since his second son was adopted by another rising power: the trusted Oda clan general Toyotomi Hideyoshi, soon to be the most powerful daimyō in Japan.


The end of the war with Takeda came in 1582 when a combined Oda-Tokugawa force attacked and conquered Kai Province. Takeda Katsuyori was defeated at the Battle of Tenmokuzan and then committed seppuku.[7]:231



Death of Nobunaga


In late June 1582, Ieyasu was near Osaka and far from his own territory when he learned that Nobunaga had been assassinated by Akechi Mitsuhide. Ieyasu managed the dangerous journey back to Mikawa. Ieyasu was mobilizing his army when he learned Hideyoshi had defeated Akechi Mitsuhide at the Battle of Yamazaki.[10]:314–315


The death of Nobunaga meant that some provinces, ruled by Nobunaga's vassals, were ripe for conquest. The leader of Kai province made the mistake of killing one of Ieyasu's aides. Ieyasu promptly invaded Kai and took control. Hōjō Ujimasa, leader of the Hōjō clan responded by sending his much larger army into Shinano and then into Kai Province. No battles were fought between Ieyasu's forces and the large Hōjō army and, after some negotiation, Ieyasu and the Hōjō agreed to a settlement which left Ieyasu in control of both Kai and Shinano Provinces, while the Hōjō took control of Kazusa Province (as well as bits of both Kai and Shinano Provinces).


At the same time (1583) a war for rule over Japan was fought between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Shibata Katsuie. Ieyasu did not take a side in this conflict, building on his reputation for both caution and wisdom. Hideyoshi defeated Katsuie at Battle of Shizugatake. With this victory, Hideyoshi became the single most powerful daimyō in Japan.[10]:314



Ieyasu and Hideyoshi (1584–1598)





Hideyoshi and Ieyasu played Go on this board.


In 1584, Ieyasu decided to support Oda Nobukatsu, the eldest surviving son and heir of Oda Nobunaga, against Hideyoshi. This was a dangerous act and could have resulted in the annihilation of the Tokugawa.


Tokugawa troops took the traditional Oda stronghold of Owari; Hideyoshi responded by sending an army into Owari. The Komaki Campaign was the only time any of the great unifiers of Japan fought each other. The campaign proved indecisive and after months of fruitless marches and feints, Hideyoshi settled the war through negotiation. First he made peace with Oda Nobukatsu, and then he offered a truce to Ieyasu. The deal was made at the end of the year; as part of the terms Ieyasu's second son, Ogimaru (also known as Yuki Hideyasu) became an adopted son of Hideyoshi.


Ieyasu's aide, Ishikawa Kazumasa, chose to join the pre-eminent daimyō and so he moved to Osaka to be with Hideyoshi. However, few other Tokugawa retainers followed this example.


Hideyoshi was understandably distrustful of Ieyasu, and five years passed before they fought as allies. The Tokugawa did not participate in Hideyoshi's successful invasions of Shikoku and Kyūshū.


In 1590, Hideyoshi attacked the last independent daimyō in Japan, Hōjō Ujimasa. The Hōjō clan ruled the eight provinces of the Kantō region in eastern Japan. Hideyoshi ordered them to submit to his authority and they refused. Ieyasu, though a friend and occasional ally of Ujimasa, joined his large force of 30,000 samurai with Hideyoshi's enormous army of some 160,000. Hideyoshi attacked several castles on the borders of the Hōjō clan with most of his army laying siege to the castle at Odawara. Hideyoshi's army captured Odawara after six months (oddly for the time period, deaths on both sides were few). During this siege, Hideyoshi offered Ieyasu a radical deal. He offered Ieyasu the eight Kantō provinces which they were about to take from the Hōjō in return for the five provinces that Ieyasu currently controlled (including Ieyasu's home province of Mikawa). Ieyasu accepted this proposal. Bowing to the overwhelming power of the Toyotomi army, the Hōjō accepted defeat, the top Hōjō leaders killed themselves and Ieyasu marched in and took control of their provinces, so ending the clan's reign of over 100 years.


Ieyasu now gave up control of his five provinces (Mikawa, Tōtōmi, Suruga, Shinano, and Kai) and moved all his soldiers and vassals to the Kantō region. He himself occupied the castle town of Edo in Kantō. This was possibly the riskiest move Ieyasu ever made—to leave his home province and rely on the uncertain loyalty of the formerly Hōjō samurai in Kantō. In the end, it worked out brilliantly for Ieyasu. He reformed the Kantō provinces, controlled and pacified the Hōjō samurai and improved the underlying economic infrastructure of the lands. Also, because Kantō was somewhat isolated from the rest of Japan, Ieyasu was able to maintain a unique level of autonomy from Hideyoshi's rule. Within a few years, Ieyasu had become the second most powerful daimyō in Japan. There is a Japanese proverb which likely refers to this event: "Ieyasu won the Empire by retreating."[13]


In 1592, Hideyoshi invaded Korea as a prelude to his plan to attack China. The Tokugawa samurai never actually took part in this campaign, though in early 1593, Ieyasu himself was summoned to Hideyoshi's court in Nagoya (in Kyūshū, different from the similarly spelled city in Owari Province) as a military advisor and given command of a body of troops meant as reserves for the Korean campaign. He stayed in Nagoya off and on for the next five years.[10] Despite his frequent absences, Ieyasu's sons, loyal retainers and vassals were able to control and improve Edo and the other new Tokugawa lands.


In 1593, Hideyoshi fathered a son and heir, Toyotomi Hideyori.


In 1598, with his health clearly failing, Hideyoshi called a meeting that would determine the Council of Five Elders, who would be responsible for ruling on behalf of his son after his death. The five that were chosen as regents (tairō) for Hideyori were Maeda Toshiie, Mōri Terumoto, Ukita Hideie, Uesugi Kagekatsu, and Ieyasu himself, who was the most powerful of the five. This change in the pre-Sekigahara power structure became pivotal as Ieyasu turned his attention towards Kansai; and at the same time, other ambitious (albeit ultimately unrealized) plans, such as the Tokugawa initiative establishing official relations with Mexico (New Spain at the time), continued to unfold and advance.[14][15]



The Sekigahara Campaign (1598–1603)





The kabuto (helmet) of Tokugawa Ieyasu.


Hideyoshi, after three more months of increasing sickness, died on September 18, 1598. He was nominally succeeded by his young son Hideyori but as he was just five years old, real power was in the hands of the regents. Over the next two years Ieyasu made alliances with various daimyōs, especially those who had no love for Hideyoshi. Happily for Ieyasu, the oldest and most respected of the regents, Toshiie Maeda, died after just one year. With the death of Toshiie in 1599, Ieyasu led an army to Fushimi and took over Osaka Castle, the residence of Hideyori. This angered the three remaining regents and plans were made on all sides for war. It was also the last battle of one of the most loyal and powerful retainers of Ieyasu, Honda Tadakatsu.


Opposition to Ieyasu centered around Ishida Mitsunari, a powerful daimyō who was not one of the regents. Mitsunari plotted Ieyasu's death and news of this plot reached some of Ieyasu's generals. They attempted to kill Mitsunari but he fled and gained protection from none other than Ieyasu himself. It is not clear why Ieyasu protected a powerful enemy from his own men but Ieyasu was a master strategist and he may have concluded that he would be better off with Mitsunari leading the enemy army rather than one of the regents, who would have more legitimacy.[16]


Nearly all of Japan's daimyōs and samurai now split into two factions—The Western Army (Mitsunari's group) and The Eastern Army (anti-Mitsunari Group). Ieyasu supported the anti-Mitsunari Group, and formed them as his potential allies. Ieyasu's allies were the Date clan, the Mogami clan, the Satake clan and the Maeda clan. Mitsunari allied himself with the three other regents: Ukita Hideie, Mōri Terumoto, and Uesugi Kagekatsu as well as many daimyō from the eastern end of Honshū.


In June 1600, Ieyasu and his allies moved their armies to defeat the Uesugi clan, which was accused of planning to revolt against Toyotomi administration. Before arriving at Uesugi's territory, Ieyasu received information that Mitsunari and his allies had moved their army against Ieyasu. Ieyasu held a meeting with the daimyōs, and they agreed to follow Ieyasu. He then led the majority of his army west towards Kyoto. In late summer, Ishida's forces captured Fushimi.


Ieyasu and his allies marched along the Tōkaidō, while his son Hidetada went along the Nakasendō with 38,000 soldiers. A battle against Sanada Masayuki in Shinano Province delayed Hidetada's forces, and they did not arrive in time for the main battle.


This battle, fought near Sekigahara, was the biggest and one of the most important battles in Japanese feudal history. It began on October 21, 1600, with a total of 160,000 men facing each other. The Battle of Sekigahara ended with a complete Tokugawa victory.[17] The Western bloc was crushed and over the next few days Ishida Mitsunari and many other western nobles were captured and killed. Tokugawa Ieyasu was now the de facto ruler of Japan.


Immediately after the victory at Sekigahara, Ieyasu redistributed land to the vassals who had served him. Ieyasu left some western daimyōs unharmed, such as the Shimazu clan, but others were completely destroyed. Toyotomi Hideyori (the son of Hideyoshi) lost most of his territory which were under management of western daimyōs, and he was degraded to an ordinary daimyō, not a ruler of Japan. In later years the vassals who had pledged allegiance to Ieyasu before Sekigahara became known as the fudai daimyō, while those who pledged allegiance to him after the battle (in other words, after his power was unquestioned) were known as tozama daimyō. Tozama daimyō were considered inferior to fudai daimyōs.



Shōgun (1603–1605)





Tokugawa Ieyasu as shōgun





Edo Castle from a 17th-century painting


On March 24, 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu received the title of shōgun from Emperor Go-Yōzei.[18] Ieyasu was 60 years old. He had outlasted all the other great men of his times: Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Shingen, Kenshin. As shōgun, he used his remaining years to create and solidify the Tokugawa shogunate, which ushered in the Edo period, and was the third shogunal government (after the Kamakura (Minamoto) and the Ashikaga). He claimed descent from the Minamoto clan, by way of the Nitta clan. His descendants would marry into the Taira clan and the Fujiwara clan. The Tokugawa shogunate would rule Japan for the next 250 years.


Following a well established Japanese pattern, Ieyasu abdicated his official position as shōgun in 1605. His successor was his son and heir, Tokugawa Hidetada. There may have been several factors that contributed to his decision, including his desire to avoid being tied up in ceremonial duties, to make it harder for his enemies to attack the real power center, and to secure a smoother succession of his son.[19] The abdication of Ieyasu had no effect on the practical extent of his powers or his rule; but Hidetada nevertheless assumed a role as formal head of the shogunal bureaucracy.



Ōgosho (1605–1616)


Ieyasu, acting as the retired shōgun (大御所, ōgosho), remained the effective ruler of Japan until his death. Ieyasu retired to Sunpu Castle in Sunpu, but he also supervised the building of Edo Castle, a massive construction project which lasted for the rest of Ieyasu's life. The result was the largest castle in all of Japan, the costs for building the castle being borne by all the other daimyōs, while Ieyasu reaped all the benefits. The central donjon, or tenshu, burned in the 1657 Meireki fire. Today, the Imperial Palace stands on the site of the castle.


In 1611, Ieyasu, at the head of 50,000 men, visited Kyoto to witness the enthronement of Emperor Go-Mizunoo. In Kyoto, Ieyasu ordered the remodeling of the imperial court and buildings, and forced the remaining western daimyōs to sign an oath of fealty to him.




Letter from King James VI and I of England to Ogosho Ieyasu in 1613


In 1613, he composed the Kuge Shohatto (ja:公家諸法度), a document which put the court daimyōs under strict supervision, leaving them as mere ceremonial figureheads.


In 1615, Ieyasu prepared the Buke shohatto (武家諸法度), a document setting out the future of the Tokugawa regime.



Relations with foreign powers


As Ōgosho, Ieyasu also supervised diplomatic affairs with the Netherlands, Spain and England. Ieyasu chose to distance Japan from European influence starting in 1609, although the shogunate did still grant preferential trading rights to the Dutch East India Company and permitted them to maintain a "factory" for trading purposes.


From 1605 until his death, Ieyasu consulted frequently with English shipwright and pilot, William Adams,[20] Adams, fluent in Japanese, assisted the shogunate in negotiating trading relations, but was cited by members of the competing Jesuit and Spanish-sponsored mendicant orders as an obstacle to improved relations between Ieyasu and the Roman Catholic Church.[21][22][23]



Significant attempts to curtail the influence of Christian missionaries in Japan date to 1587 during the shogunate of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. However, in 1614, Ieyasu was sufficiently concerned about Spanish territorial ambitions that he signed a Christian Expulsion Edict. The edict banned the practice of Christianity and led to the expulsion of all foreign missionaries. Although some smaller Dutch trading operations remained in Nagasaki, this edict dramatically curtailed foreign trade and marked the end of open Christian witness in Japan until the 1870s.[24] The immediate cause of the prohibition was the Okamoto Daihachi incident, a case of fraud involving Ieyasu's Catholic vavasor, but the shogunate was also concerned about a possible invasion by the Iberian colonial powers, which had previously occurred in the New World and the Philippines.



Siege of Osaka





Grave of Ieyasu in Nikkō Tōshō-gū


The last remaining threat to Ieyasu's rule was Toyotomi Hideyori, the son and rightful heir to Hideyoshi. He was now a young daimyō living in Osaka Castle. Many samurai who opposed Ieyasu rallied around Hideyori, claiming that he was the rightful ruler of Japan. Ieyasu found fault with the opening ceremony of a temple built by Hideyori; it was as if he prayed for Ieyasu's death and the ruin of the Tokugawa clan.[citation needed] Ieyasu ordered Toyotomi to leave Osaka Castle, but those in the castle refused and summoned samurai to gather within the castle. Then the Tokugawa, with a huge army led by Ieyasu and shōgun Hidetada, laid siege to Osaka castle in what is now known as "the Winter Siege of Osaka". Eventually, Tokugawa was able to precipitate negotiations and an armistice after directed cannon fire threatened Hideyori's mother, Yodo-dono. However, once the treaty was agreed, Tokugawa filled the castle's outer moats with sand so his troops could walk across. Through this ploy, Tokugawa gained a huge tract of land through negotiation and deception that he could not through siege and combat. Ieyasu returned to Sunpu Castle once, but after Toyotomi refused another order to leave Osaka, he and his allied army of 155,000 soldiers attacked Osaka Castle again in "the Summer Siege of Osaka".


Finally, in late 1615, Osaka Castle fell and nearly all the defenders were killed including Hideyori, his mother (Hideyoshi's widow, Yodo-dono), and his infant son. His wife, Senhime (a granddaughter of Ieyasu), pleaded to save Hideyori and Yodo-dono's lives. Ieyasu refused and either required them to commit ritual suicide, or killed both of them. Eventually, Senhime was sent back to Tokugawa alive. After killing two people at Kamakura, who have escaped from Osaka Castle. With the Toyotomi line finally extinguished, no threats remained to the Tokugawa clan's domination of Japan.



Death




The tomb of Tokugawa Ieyasu in Nikkō Tōshō-gū


In 1616, Ieyasu died at age 73.[5] The cause of death is thought to have been cancer or syphilis. The first Tokugawa shōgun was posthumously deified with the name Tōshō Daigongen (東照大権現), the "Great Gongen, Light of the East". (A Gongen is believed to be a buddha who has appeared on Earth in the shape of a kami to save sentient beings). In life, Ieyasu had expressed the wish to be deified after his death to protect his descendants from evil. His remains were buried at the Gongens' mausoleum at Kunōzan, Kunōzan Tōshō-gū (久能山東照宮). As a common view, many people believe that "after the first anniversary of his death, his remains were reburied at Nikkō Shrine, Nikkō Tōshō-gū (日光東照宮). His remains are still there." Neither shrine has offered to open the graves, so the location of Ieyasu's physical remains are still a mystery. The mausoleum's architectural style became known as gongen-zukuri, that is gongen-style.[25] He was first given the Buddhist name Tosho Dai-Gongen (東照大権現), then after his death it was changed to Hogo Onkokuin (法号安国院).



Era of Ieyasu's rule


Ieyasu ruled directly as shōgun or indirectly as Ōgosho (大御所) during the Keichō era (1596–1615).



Ieyasu's character




Handprint of Ieyasu at Kunōzan Tōshō-gū





Precepts on the secret of success in life drafted by Tokugawa Ieyasu from the collection of Nikkō Tōshō-gū.


Ieyasu had a number of qualities that enabled him to rise to power. He was both careful and bold—at the right times, and in the right places. Calculating and subtle, Ieyasu switched alliances when he thought he would benefit from the change. He allied with the Late Hōjō clan; then he joined Hideyoshi's army of conquest, which destroyed the Hōjō; and he himself took over their lands. In this he was like other daimyōs of his time. This was an era of violence, sudden death, and betrayal. He was not very well liked nor personally popular, but he was feared and he was respected for his leadership and his cunning. For example, he wisely kept his soldiers out of Hideyoshi's campaign in Korea.[citation needed]


He was capable of great loyalty: once he allied with Oda Nobunaga, he never went against him, and both leaders profited from their long alliance. He was known for being loyal towards his personal friends and vassals, whom he rewarded, He was said to have a close friendship with his vassal Hattori Hanzō. However, he also remembered those who had wronged him in the past. It is said that Ieyasu executed a man who came into his power because he had insulted him when Ieyasu was young.[citation needed]


Ieyasu protected many former Takeda retainers from the wrath of Oda Nobunaga, who was known to harbor a bitter grudge towards the Takeda. He managed successfully to transform many of the retainers of the Takeda, Hōjō, and Imagawa clans—all whom he had defeated himself or helped to defeat—into loyal followers. At the same time, he could be ruthless when crossed. For example, he ordered the executions of his first wife and his eldest son—a son-in-law of Oda Nobunaga; Oda was also an uncle of Hidetada's wife Oeyo.[26]


He was cruel, relentless and merciless in the elimination of Toyotomi survivors after Osaka. For days, dozens and dozens of men and women were hunted down and executed, including an eight-year-old son of Hideyori by a concubine, who was beheaded.[27]


Unlike Hideyoshi, he did not harbor any desires to conquer outside Japan—he only wanted to bring order and an end to open warfare, and to rule Japan.[28]


While at first tolerant of Christianity,[29] his attitude changed after 1613 and the executions of Christians sharply increased.[30]


Ieyasu's favorite pastime was falconry. He regarded it as excellent training for a warrior. "When you go into the country hawking, you learn to understand the military spirit and also the hard life of the lower classes. You exercise your muscles and train your limbs. You have any amount of walking and running and become quite indifferent to heat and cold, and so you are little likely to suffer from any illness.".[31] Ieyasu swam often; even late in his life he is reported to have swum in the moat of Edo Castle.


Later in life he took to scholarship and religion, patronizing scholars like Hayashi Razan.[32]


Two of his famous quotes:


Life is like unto a long journey with a heavy burden. Let thy step be slow and steady, that thou stumble not. Persuade thyself that imperfection and inconvenience are the lot of natural mortals, and there will be no room for discontent, neither for despair. When ambitious desires arise in thy heart, recall the days of extremity thou hast passed through. Forbearance is the root of all quietness and assurance forever. Look upon the wrath of thy enemy. If thou only knowest what it is to conquer, and knowest not what it is to be defeated; woe unto thee, it will fare ill with thee. Find fault with thyself rather than with others.[33]


The strong manly ones in life are those who understand the meaning of the word patience. Patience means restraining one's inclinations. There are seven emotions: joy, anger, anxiety, adoration, grief, fear, and hate, and if a man does not give way to these he can be called patient. I am not as strong as I might be, but I have long known and practiced patience. And if my descendants wish to be as I am, they must study patience.[34][35]


He said that he fought, as a warrior or a general, in 90 battles.


He was interested in various kenjutsu skills, was a patron of the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū school, and also had them as his personal sword instructors.



Honours



  • Senior First Rank (April 14, 1617; posthumous)


Parents and Siblings



Parents




















StatusImageNameBirthDeathParents
FatherMatsudaira HirotadaJune 9, 1526April 3, 1549
Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, Aoki family’s daughter
Mother伝通院.jpgOdai no Kata1528October 13, 1602
Mizuno Tadamasa, Keyouin


Siblings



Father Side


























































ImageNameBirthDeathMotherMarriageIssue
Matsudaira Tadamasa15441591Ohisa no Kata (Daughter of Matsudaira Norimasa of Ogyu-Matsudaira clan)-Matsudaira Nagakiyo
Esai--Ohisa no Kata (Daughter of Matsudaira Norimasa of Ogyu-Matsudaira clan)--
Yadahime--Hirahara clan’s daughterMatsudaira Yasutada (1546-1618) of Nagasawa-Matsudaira clanMatsudaira Yasunao (1569-1593) of Fukaya Domain
Matsudaira Iemoto1548September 19, 1603Omiyu-no-Kata--
Naitō Nobunari.jpg
Naitō Nobunari of Nagahama Domain
June 13, 1545August 20, 1612Naito clan’s daughterAou Nagakatsu’s daughterNaito Nobumasa (1568-1626) of Nagahama Domain
Naito Nobuhiro (1592-1649)
Daughter married Sanjo clan’s man
Daughter married Ide Masanobu
Daughter married Endō Toshiharu
Daughter married Niwa Sadaaki later married Momiyama Sadamasa
Ichibahime-June 1, 1593Makihime, Toda Yasumitsu’s daughterFirst: Arakawa Yoshihiro
Second: Tsutsui Sadatsugu of Iga-Ueno Domain
-
Matsudaira Chikayoshi-----


Mother Side



















































ImageNameBirthDeathFatherMarriageIssue
Matsudaira Yasumoto of Sekiyado Domain1552September 19, 1603Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526-1587-Matsudaira Tadayoshi (1582-1624) of Ōgaki Domain
Matsudaira Masayoshi
Matsudaira Yasuhisa
Matsudaira Nobusuke (d.1655)
Dōsen-in married Okabe Nagamori (1568-1632) of Ōgaki Domain
Ryuko-in married Suganuma Sadayori (1576-1605) of Nagashima Domain
Matehime (1598-1638) married Fukushima Masayuki (1858-1602) later married Tsugaru Nobuhira of Hirosaki Domain
Tsubakihime married Tanaka Tadamasa (1585-1620) of Yanagawa Domain later married Matsudaira Narishige (1594-1633) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain
Shoshitsu’in married Osuga Tadamasa (1581-1607) of Yokosuka Domain later married Suganuma Sadayoshi (1587-1643) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain
Jomyo-in married Nakamura Kazutada (1590-1609) of Yonogo Domain later married Mōri Hidemoto of Chofu Domain
Matsudaira Yasutoshi1552April 2, 1586Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526-1587--
松平定勝.jpg
Hisamatsu Sadakatsu of Kuwana Domain
1560May 1, 1624Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526-1587Okudaira Tatsu, Okudaira Sadatomo (d.1585)’s daughterMatsudaira Sadayoshi (1585-1603)
Matsudaira Sadayuki (1587-1668) of Kuwana Domain
Matsudaira Sadatsuna (1592-1625) of Kuwana Domain
Matsudaira Sadazane (1597-1632)
Matsudaira Sadafusa (1604-1676) of Imabari Domain
Matsudaira Sadamasa (1610-1673) of Kariya Domain
Matsuohime married Hattori Masanari
Kumahime (1595-1632) married Yamauchi Tadayoshi (1592-1665) of Tosa Domain
Daughter married Nakagawa Hisanori (1594-1653) of Oka Domain
Kikuhime married Sakai Tadayuki (1599-1636) of Maebashi Domain
Shōjuin Married Abe Shigetsugu (1598-1651) of Iwatsuki Domain
Tamako married Ikeda Tsunemoto (1611-1671) of Yamasaki Domain
Take-hime1553July 28, 1618Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526-1587First: Matsudaira Tadamasa (1543-1577) of Sakurai-Matsudaira clan
Second: Matsudaira Tadayoshi (1559-1582) of Sakurai-Matsudaira clan
Third: Hoshina Masanao
By First: Matsudaira Iehiro (1577-1601) of Musashi-Matsuyama Domain
By Second: Matsudaira Nobuyoshi (1580-1620) of Sasayama Domain
Matsudaira Tadayori of Hamamatsu Domain
By Third: Hoshina Masasada of Iino Domain
Hojo Ujishige (1595-1658) of Kakegawa Domain
Seigen’in married Anbe Nobumori (1584-1674) of Okabe Domain
Yōhime (1591-1664) married Koide Yoshihide (1587-1666) of Izushi Domain
Eihime (1585–1635) married Kuroda Nagamasa of Fukuoka Domain
Kōun-in married Kato Akinari (1592-1661) of Aizu Domain
Matsuhime--Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526-1587Matsudaira Yasunaga (1562-1633) of Matsumoto Domain
Matsudaira Nagakane (1580-1619)
Matsudaira Tadamitsu (1562-1633)
Matsudaira Yasunao (1617-1634) of Akashi Domain
Tenkeiin--Hisamatsu Toshikatsu (1526-1587)
Matsudaira Iekiyo of Yoshida Domain
Matsudaira Tadakiyo (1585-1612) of Yoshida Domain


Wives and Concubines



































































































































































StatusImageNameBirthDeathParentsIssue
First WifeTsukiyama-dono-September 19, 1579Sekiguchi Chikanaga (1518-1562), Ii Naohira’s daughter
Tokugawa Nobuyasu
Kamehime married Okudaira Nobumasa of Kano Domain
Second WifeAsahi hime.jpgAsahi no kata1543February 18, 1590Chikuami, Ōmandokoro
-
ConcubineNishigori no Tsubone-June 19, 1606Udono Nagamochi (1513-1557)
Tokuhime (Tokugawa) married to Hojo Ujinao later married to Ikeda Terumasa of Himeji Domain
ConcubineShimoyama-dono1564November 21, 1591Akiyama Torayasu
Takeda Nobuyoshi of Mito Domain
ConcubineBronze statue of "Youjuin".jpgKageyama-dono1580October 13, 1653Masaki Yoritada (1551-1622), Hojo Ujitaka (d.1609)’s daughter
Tokugawa Yorinobu of Kishu Domain
Tokugawa Yorifusa of Mito Domain
ConcubineKotoku-no-Tsubone1548January 10, 1620Nagami Sadahide
Yuki Hideyasu of Fukui Domain
ConcubineSaigo-no-Tsubone2.JPGSaigō-no-Tsubone15521 July 1589Tozuka Tadaharu, Saigo Masakatsu’s daughter
Tokugawa Hidetada
Matsudaira Tadayoshi of Kiyosu Domain
ConcubineOtake no Kata1555April 7, 1637Ichikawa MasanagaFuri-hime (1580–1617) married Gamō Hideyuki of Aizu Domain later married Asano Nagaakira of Hiroshima Domain
ConcubineChaa-no-Tsubone-July 30, 1621-
Matsudaira Tadateru of Takada Domain
Matsudaira Matsuchiyo of Fukaya Domain
ConcubineOnatsu no Kata1581October 24, 1660Hasegawa Fujinao-
ConcubineOkaji no KataDecember 7, 1578September 17, 1642Ota Yasusuke (1531-1581)Ichihime (1607-1610)
ConcubineOume no Kata1586October 8, 1647Aoki Kazunori (d.1600)-
ConcubineAcha no tubone.jpgAcha no TsuboneMaret 16, 1555February 16, 1637Ida Naomasa-
ConcubineOmusu no Kata-July 26, 1692Mitsui YoshimasaStillborn (1592)
ConcubineOkame no Kata.jpgOkame no Kata1573October 9, 1642Shimizu MunekiyoMatsudaira Senchiyo (1595–1600)
Tokugawa Yoshinao of Owari Domain
ConcubineOsen no Kata-November 30, 1619Miyazaki Yasukage-
ConcubineOroku no Kata1597May 4, 1625Kuroda Naojin-
ConcubineOhisa no Kata-March 24, 1617Mamiya Yasutoshi (1518-1590)Matsuhime (1595-1598)
ConcubineTomiko-August 7, 1628from Yamada clan-
ConcubineOmatsu no Kata----
ConcubineFrom Sanjo Clan----
Concubine---Matsudaira Shigetoshi (1498-1589)-


Children

























































































































ImageNameBirthDeathMotherMarriageIssue
Matsudaira Nobuyasu.jpgMatsudaira Nobuyasu13 April 15595 October 1579Tsukiyama-donoTokuhime (Oda)Tokuhime (1576-1607) married Ogasawara Hidemasa (1569-1615) of Matsumoto domain
Kamehime (1577-1626) married Honda Tadamasa of Himeji Domain
By Concubine: Banchiyo
Kamehime27 July 15601 August 1625Tsukiyama-dono
Okudaira Nobumasa of Kano Domain
Okudaira Iemasa (1577-1614) of Utsunomiya Domain
Matsudaira Ieharu (1579-1592)
Matsudaira Tadaaki of Himeji Domain
Okudaira Tadamasa of Kano Domain
daughter married Okubo Tadatsune (1580-1611) of Kisai Domain
Toku-hime.jpgToku-hime1565March 3, 1615Nishigori no TsuboneFirst: Hojo Ujinao
Second: Ikeda Terumasa of Himeji Domain
by First: Manshuin-dono (1593)
Manhime (d.1602)
Senhime (b.1596) married Kyokogu Takahiro (1599-1677) of Miyazu Domain
Ikeda Tadatsugu (1599-1615) of Okayama Domain
Ikeda Tadakatsu (1602-1632) of Okayama Domain
Ikeda Teruzumi (1604–1662) of Shikano Domain
Ikeda Masatsuna (1605–1631) Of Akō Domain
Furihime (1607–1659) married Date Tadamune of Sendai Domain
Ikeda Teruoki (1611–1647) Of Akō Domain
Yūki Hideyasu.jpg
Yuki Hideyasu of Fukui Domain
1 March 15742 June 1607Kotoku-no-TsuboneEdo Tsuruko, Yuki Harutomo’s adopted daughterby Concubines: Matsudaira Tadanao of Fukui Domain
Matsudaira Tadamasa of Fukui Domain
Hisahime (1598–1655) married Mōri Hidenari Of Choshu Domain
Matsudaira Naomasa (1601–1666) of Matsue Domain
Matsudaira Naomoto (1604–1648) of Himeji Domain
Matsudaira Naoyoshi (1605–1678) of Ōno Domain
Hidetada2.jpg2nd Shogun, Tokugawa Hidetada
May 2, 1579March 14, 1632Saigō-no-TsuboneFirst: Oda O-hime(1585–1591), Oda Nobukatsu’s daughter
Second: Azai Oeyo
By second: Senhime married Toyotomi Hideyori later married Honda Tadatoki of Himeji Domain
Tama-hime (1599 – 1622) married Maeda Toshitsune of Kaga Domain
Katsu-hime (1601 – 1672) married Matsudaira Tadanao of Fukui Domain
Hatsu-hime (1602 – 1630) married Kyōgoku Tadataka of Matsue Domain
3rd Shogun, Tokugawa Iemitsu
Tokugawa Tadanaga of Sunpu Domain
Tokugawa Masako married Emperor Go-Mizunoo
By Concubines: Chomaru (1601–1602)
Hoshina Masayuki of Aizu Domain
Matsudaira Tadayoshi01.jpg
Matsudaira Tadayoshi of Kiyosu Domain
18 October 15801 April 1607Saigō-no-TsuboneIi Masako, Ii Naomasa of Hikone Domain’s daughterUmesada Daidoji (1597)
Furi-hime1580September 27, 1617Otake no KataFirst: Gamō Hideyuki of Aizu Domain
Second: Asano Nagaakira of Hiroshima Domain
By first: Gamō Tadasato (1602-1627) of Aizu Domain
Gamō Tadatomo (1604-1634) of Iyo-Matsuyama Domain
Yorihime (1602-1656) married Kato Tadahiro (1601-1653) of Dewa-Maruoka Domain
By Second: Asano Mitsuakira of Hiroshima Domain

Takeda Nobuyoshi of Mito Domain
October 18, 1583October 15, 1603Shimoyama-donoTenshoin, Kinoshita Katsutoshi’s daughter-
Matsudaira Tadateru.jpg
Matsudaira Tadateru of Takada Domain
February 16, 1592August 24, 1683Chaa-no-TsuboneIrohahimeBy Concubine: Tokumatsu (1614-1632)
Gotakehime

Matsudaira Matsuchiyo of Fukaya Domain
1594February 7, 1599Chaa-no-Tsubone--
Matsudaira SenchiyoApril 22, 1595March 21, 1600Okame no Kata--
Matsuhime15951598Ohisa no Kata--
Tokugawa Yoshinao.jpg
Tokugawa Yoshinao of Owari Domain
January 2, 1601June 5, 1650Okame no KataAsano Haruhime (1693–1637), Asano Yoshinaga of Wakayama Domain’s daughterBy Concubines: Tokugawa Mitsutomo of Owari Domain
Kyōhime (1626–1674) married Hirohata Tadayuki (1624-1669)
Tokugawa Yorinobu.jpg
Tokugawa Yorinobu of Kishu Domain
April 28, 1602February 19, 1671Kageyama-donoYasohime (1601-1666), Katō Kiyomasa of Kumamoto Domain’s daughterby Concubines: Tokugawa Mitsusada of Kishu Domain
Shuri

Matsudaira Yorizumi (1641-1711) of Saijō Domain
Inabahime (1631-1709) married Ikeda Mitsunaka (1630-1693) of Tottori Domain
Matsuhime married Matsudaira Nobuhira (1636-1689) of Takatsukasa-Matsudaira Clan


Tokugawa Yorihusa.jpg
Tokugawa Yorifusa of Mito Domain
September 15, 1603August 23, 1661Kageyama-dono-By Concubines: Matsudaira Yorishige of Takamatsu Domain
Tokugawa Mitsukuni of Mito Domain
Michiko (1624-1664)
Kamemaru (1625-1628)
Manhime (1627-1689) married Ota Sukemasa
Kikuhime (1628-1706) married Matsudaira Yasuhiro
Matsudaira Yoritomo (1629-1693) Of Nukada Domain
Matsudaira Yorio (1630-1697) Of Shishido Domain
Senhime (1635-1681) married Maki Kagenobu
Matsuhime
Ki-hime
Koyan-hime (1628-1717)
Matsudaira Yoritaka (1629-1707) Of Hitachi-Fuchū Domain
Matsudaira Yoriyuki (1631-1717)
Ritsuhime (1632-1711) married Yamanobe Yoshikata (1615-1669)
Suzuki Shigeyoshi (1634-1668)
Ohime (1627-1656) married Maeda Mitsutaka of Kaga Domain
Matsudaira Yoritoshi (1630-1674)
Matsudaira Yoriyuki (1631-1664)
Matsudaira Fusatoki (1633-1682)
Furihime (1633-1667) married Honda Masatoshi (1641-1707) of Ōkubo Domain
Takehime (1636-1637)
Umehime (1638-1697) married Utsunomiya Takatsuna (1627-1700)
Inuhime (1634-1675) married Hosokawa Tsunatoshi (1641-1721) of Kumamoto Domain
Ichihime (1639-1690) married Sakai Tadaharu
Kumahime (1649-1709) married Ito Tomotsugu (1594-1655)
Ichi-himeJanuary 28, 1607March 7, 1610Okaji no Kata--

His daughters were Kame hime (亀姫), Toku hime (督姫), Furi hime (振姫), Matsu hime (松姫) and Ichi hime (市姫). He is said to have cared for his children and grandchildren, establishing three of them, Yorinobu, Yoshinao, and Yorifusa as the daimyōs of Kii, Owari, and Mito Provinces, respectively.[36]



Adopted children

















































































































































































ImageNameBirthDeathParentsMarriageIssue
Matsudaira Ieharu.jpgMatsudaira Ieharu1579April 15, 1592
Okudaira Nobumasa of Kano Domain, Tokugawa Kamehime
--
Okudaira Tadamasa(加納藩主).jpgOkudaira Tadamasa1580August 7, 1614
Okudaira Nobumasa of Kano Domain, Tokugawa Kamehime
Yoshun’in-dono (Satomi Yoshiyori 1543-1587’s daughter)Okudaira Tadataka (1608-1632) of Kano Domain
松平忠明.jpgMatsudaira Tadaaki1583May 1, 1644
Okudaira Nobumasa of Kano Domain, Tokugawa Kamehime
first: Oda Nobukane of Kaibara Domain’s daughter
Second: Koide Yoshimasa (1565-1613) of Izushi Domain’s daughter
From Concubines: Matsudaira Tadahiro (1631-1700) of Yamagata Domain
Matsudaira Kiyomichi (1634-1645) of Himejishinden Domain
Murihime married Nabeshima Tadanao (1613-1635) later married Nabeshima Naozumi of Hasunoike Domain
daughter married Okubo Tadamoto (1604-1670) of Karatsu Domain
daughter married Kyogoku Takatomo (1623-1674) of Mineyama Domain
daughter married Shijo Takasube (1611-1647)
daughter married Sakakibara Kiyoteru
daughter married Osawa Naochika (1624-1681)
満天姫.jpgMatehime1589May 5, 1638Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552-1603) of Sekiyado Domain
First: Fukushima Masayuki (1858-1602)
Second: Tsugaru Nobuhira of Hirosaki Domain
By First: Daidōji Naohide II (1606-1636)
By Second: Tsugaru Nobufusa (1620-1662) of Kuroishi Domain
Dairyouinn.jpgEi-hime1585March 1, 1635
Hoshina Masanao, Hisamatsu Takehime (1553–1618, Ieyasu’s half-sister)

Kuroda Nagamasa of Fukuoka Domain
Kuroda Tadayuki (1602-1654) of Fukuoka Domain
Tokuko married Sakakibara Tadatsugu (1605-1665) of Himeji Domain
Kuroda Nagaoki (1610-1665) of Akizuki Domain
Kuroda Takamasa (1612-1639) of Torenji Domain
Kameko married Ikeda Teruoki (1611-1647) of Ako Domain
Kumahime1595April 12, 1632
Hisamatsu Sadakatsu of Kuwana Domain, Okudaira Tatsu
Yamauchi Tadayoshi (1592-1665) of Tosa Domain
Yamauchi Tadatoyo of Tosa Domain
Yamauchi Tadanao of Tosa-Nakamura Domain
Kiyohime married Matsushita Nagatsuna of Miharu Domain
Renhime1582August 24, 1652Matsudaira Yasunao (1569-1593) of Fukaya Domain, Honda Hirotaka’s daughterArima Toyouji (1569-1642) of Kurume Domain
Arima Tadayori (1603-1655) of Kurume Domain
Arima Nobukata
Arima Yoritsugu (1611-1649)
Kunihime1595April 10, 1649
Honda Tadamasa of Himeji Domain, Tokugawa Kumahime (1577-1626; Tokugawa Nobuyasu’s daughter and Ieyasu’s grand-daughter)
First: Hori Tadatoshi (1596-1622) of Takada Domain
Second: Arima Naozumi of Nobeaka Domain
by Second: Arima Yasuzumi (1613-1692) of Nobeaka Domain
daughter married Honda Masakatsu (1614-1671) of Koriyama Domain
Daughter adopted by Honda Masakatsu
daughter married Akimoto Tomitomo (1610-1657) of Yamura Domain
Arima Zumimasa
Kamehime1597November 29, 1643
Honda Tadamasa of Himeji Domain, Tokugawa Kumahime (1577-1626; Tokugawa Nobuyasu’s daughter and Ieyasu’s grand-daughter)
First: Ogawara Tadanaga (1595-1615)
Second: Ogasawara Tadazane of Kokura Domain
By First: Shigehime (d.1655) married Hachisuka Tadateru of Tokushima Domain
Ogasawara Nagatsugu (1615-1666) of Nakatsu Domain
By second: Ogasawara Nagayasu (1618-1667)
Ichimatsuhime (b.1627) married Kuroda Mitsuyuki (1628-1707) of Fukuoka Domain
Ogasawara Naganobu (1631-1663)
Tomohime married Matsudaira Yorimoto (1629-1693) of Nukada Domain
Daughter
Manhime1592February 7, 1666Ogasawara Hidemasa (1569-1615) of Matsumoto Domain, Tokugawa Tokuhime (1576-1607; Matsudaira Nobuyasu’s daughter and Ieyasu’s grand-daughter)
Hachisuka Yoshishige of Tokushima Domain

Hachisuka Tadateru of Tokushima Domain
Mihohime (1603-1632) married Ikeda Tadakatsu (1602-1632) of Okayama Domain
Shotokuin (1614-1683) married Mizuno Narisada (1603-1650)
Tsubakihime--Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552-1603) of Sekiyado Domain
First: Tanaka Tadamasa (1585-1620) of Yanagawa Domain
Second: Matsudaira Narishige (1594-1633) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain
-
Jomyo-in--Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552-1603) of Sekiyado Domain
First: Nakamura Kazutada (1590-1609) of Yonogo Domain
Second: Mōri Hidemoto of Chofu Domain
-
Hanahime-August 2, 1639Matsudaira Yasuchika (1521-1683), Ebara Masahide’s daughter
Ii Naomasa of Hikone Domain

Ii Naokatsu of Hikone Domain later Annaka Domain
Masako married Matsudaira Tadayoshi of Oshi Domain
Kotoko’in married Date Hidemune of Uwajima Domain
Kikuhime1588October 28, 1661Abe Nagamori (1568-1632) of Ogaki Domain, Matsudaira Kiyomune (1538-1605) of Hachiman'yama Domain’s daughter
Nabeshima Katsushige of Saga Domain
Ichihime married Uesugi Sadakatsu (1604-1645) of Yonezawa Domain
Tsuruhime married Takeu Shigetoki (1608-1669)
Mitsuchiyo
Nabeshima Tadanao (1613–1635)
Nabeshima Naozumi of Hasunoike Domain
Hojoin married Isahaya Shigetoshi (1608-1652)
Nabeshima Naohiro
daughter married Kakomi Tsunatoshi
Nabeshima Naotomo (1622-1709) of Kashima Domain
Priest Kyōkō
daughter adopted by Nabeshima Motoshige of Ogi Domain later married Nabeshima Naohiro
Kakomi Naonaga
Kanahime1582November 3, 1656Mizuno Tadashige
Katō Kiyomasa of Kumamoto Domain
Yasohime (1601-1666) married Tokugawa Yorinobu of Kishu Domain
Yōhime1591August 10, 1664
Hoshina Masanao, Hisamatsu Takehime (1553–1618, Ieyasu’s half-sister)
Koide Yoshihide (1587-1666) of Izushi DomainTaitō (Died in Childhood)
Daughter Married Miura Katsushige (1605-1631) of Shimōsa-Miura Domain
Koide Yoshishige (1607-1674) of Izushi Domain
Daughter
Daughter
Hoshina Masahide (1611-1678)
Koide Hidemoto
Koide Hidenobu
Kogaku-in married Tachibana Tanenaga (1625-1711) of Miike Domain
Daughter Married Matsudaira Nobuyuki (1631-1686) of Koga Domain
Shosen'in--Makino Yasunari (1555-1610) of Ogo Domain
Fukushima Masanori of Hiroshima Domain
-
---
Matsudaira Iekiyo of Yoshida Domain
Asano Nagashige (1588-1632) of Kasama Domain

Asano Naganao of Ako Domain
Shoshitsu’in--Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552-1603) of Sekiyado Domain
First: Osuga Tadamasa (1581-1607) of Yokosuka Domain
Second: Suganuma Sadayoshi (1587-1643) of Tamba-Kameyama Domain
by First: Sakakibara (Osuga) Tadatsugu (1605-1665) of Himeji Domain
By Second: daughter married Ogasawara Naganori (1624-1678) of Yoshida Domain
Dōsen-in--Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552-1603) of Sekiyado Domain
Okabe Nagamori (1568-1632) of Ōgaki Domain
Okabe Nobukatsu (1597-1668) of Kishiwada Domain
Ryuko-in--Matsudaira Yasumoto (1552-1603) of Sekiyado Domain
Suganuma Sadayori (1576-1605) of Nagashima Domain-
Seigen’in--
Hoshina Masanao, Hisamatsu Takehime (1553–1618, Ieyasu’s half-sister)
Anbe Nobumori (1584-1674) of Okabe Domain
Anbe Nobuyuki (1604-1683) of Okabe Domain
Komatsuhime1573March 27, 1620
Honda Tadakatsu of Kuwana Domain

Sanada Nobuyuki of Matsushiro Domain
Manhime married Koriki Tadafusa of Shimabara Domain
Masahime married Sakuma Katsumune (1589-1616)
Sanada Nobumasa (1597-1658) of Matsushiro Domain
Sanada Nobushige (1599-1648) of Hashina Domain
---
Hisamatsu Sadakatsu of Kuwana Domain, Okudaira Tatsu
Nakagawa Hisanori (1594-1653) of Oka DomainNakagawa Hisakiyo (1615-1681) of Oka Domain


Ancestry


[37]


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Ieyasu in popular culture



In James Clavell's historical-novel Shōgun, Tokugawa served as basis for the character of "Toranaga". Toranaga was portrayed by Toshiro Mifune in the 1980 TV mini-series adaptation.


Hyouge Mono (へうげもの Hepburn: Hyōge Mono, lit. "Jocular Fellow") is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Yamada. It was adapted into an anime series in 2011, and includes a fictional depiction of Tokugawa's life.


In Sengoku Basara game and anime series, he was shown with Honda Tadakatsu. In earlier games, he was armed with spears and led countless warriors, in latter ones, he discards the spear and fights with his fists and wants Japan united under the force of bonds.



Honnōji theory


Among the many conspiracies surrounding the Honnō-ji Incident is Ieyasu's role in the event. Historically, Ieyasu was away from his lord at the time and, when he heard that Nobunaga was in danger, he wanted to rush to his lord's rescue in spite of the small number of attendants with him. However, Tadakatsu advised for his lord to avoid the risk and urged for a quick retreat to Mikawa. Masanari led the way through Iga and they returned home by boat.


However, skeptics think otherwise. While they usually accept the historically known facts about Ieyasu's actions during Mitsuhide's betrayal, theorists tend to pay more attention to the events before. Ever since Ieyasu lost his wife and son due to Nobunaga's orders, they reason, he held a secret resentment against his lord. Generally, there is some belief that he privately goaded Mitsuhide to take action when the two warlords were together in Azuchi Castle. Together, they planned when to attack and went their separate ways. When the deed was done, Ieyasu turned a blind eye to Mitsuhide's schemes and fled the scene to feign innocence. A variation of the concept states that Ieyasu was well aware of Mitsuhide's feelings regarding Nobunaga and simply chose to do nothing for his own benefit.



Impostor theory


Tokugawa Ieyasu's Kagemusha Legend (徳川家康の影武者説) is a myth that has been circulating since the Edo period. It is believed to have arisen due to historical records of Ieyasu's "sudden change of behavior" with some of his closest colleagues. The idea was made more popular in modern times by the historians, Tokutomi Sohō and Yasutsugu Shigeno.


The general outline of the legend is that after the Battle of Okehazama, Motoyasu (Ieyasu) was ready to face the world as a changed man. According to Hayashi Razan, the last line was meant quite literally. Before Motoyasu could make his new face known to the world, he was replaced by a completely different man named Sarata Jiro Saburo Motonobu (Sakai Jōkei). Variations include that the switch actually occurred much earlier in Motoyasu's life when he was being a hostage. Motonobu went in Motoyasu's stead and was considered a more suitable "heir". After Motonobu replaced him, Motoyasu fled and lived a hermit's life. Another version states that Ieyasu was actually killed during the Battle of Sekigahara or the Osaka Campaign. When he was killed by Sanada Nobushige during the latter conflict, it is said that he was replaced by Ogasawara Hidemasa who became the "Ieyasu" from then on.


While prevalent in fiction, historians are unsure whether or not the myth holds any merit. His dubious personality traits during these specific time frames have been mostly blamed on stress and personal strain.



Notable descendants




Extended content

Matsudaira Nobuyasu


  • Banchiyo

  • Kumahime, married Honda Tadamasa

    • Honda Tadatoki
      • Kochiyo (1619–1621)

      • Katsuhime (b. 1618), married Ikeda Mitsumasa
        • Torihime (1636–1717) married Ichijō Norisuke
          • Ichijō Kaneteru


        • Ikeda Tsunamasa

          • Ikeda Tsugumasa

            • Ikeda Munemasa
              • Ikeda Harumasa (1750–1819)
                • Ikeda Narimasa (1773–1833)

            • Sagara Nagahiro (1752–1813)
              • Sagara Yorinori (1774–1856)
                • Sagara Yoriyuki (1798–1850)
                  • Ikeda Akimasa (1836–1903)
                    • Ikeda Narimasa (1865–1909)
                      • Ikeda Tadamasa (1895–1920)

                      • Ikeda Nobumasa (1904–1988)
                        • Ikeda Takamasa (1926–2012)





  • Toku-Hime (1576–1607) married Ogawara hidemasa (1569–1615)
    • Chiyohime (1597–1649) married Hososkawa Tadatoshi

      • Hosokawa Mitsunao
        • Hosokawa Tsunatoshi (1641–1721)
          • Hosokawa Yoshitoshi (1689–1706)

        • Hosokawa Toshishige (1646–1676)
          • Hosokawa Nobunori (1676–1732)
            • Hosokawa Munetaka (1716–1747)


            • Hosokawa Shigekata
              • Hososkawa Harutoshi (1758–1787)



    • Manhime later Kyodaiin (1592–1666) married Hachisuka Yorishige
      • Hachisuka Tadateru (1611–1652)
        • Hachisuka Mitsutaka (1630–1666)
          • Hachisuka Tsunamichi (1656–1678)

        • Hachisuka Takamori (1642–1695)
          • Hachisuka Tsunanori (1661–1730; r. 1678–1728)
            • Hachisuka Munekazu (1709–1735)

            • Hachisuka Yoshitake (1692–1725)
              • A daughter (d. 1742), married Hachisuka Muneshige


        • Hachisuka Takayoshi (1643–1698)
          • Hachisuka Muneteru (1684–1743)


    • Ogasawara Tadanaga (1595–1615)


    • Ogasawara Tadazane
      • Ogasawara Sanekata

      • Ogasawara Nagayasu (1618–1667)

      • Ogasawara Naganobu (1631–1663)

      • Ogasawa Tadataka of Kokura Domain
        • Ogasawara Tadatomo of Kokura Domain
          • Ogasawara Tadafusa

      • Ichimatsuhime (b. 1627) married Kuroda Mitsuyuki of Fukuoka Domain
        • Kuroda Nagakiyo
          • Korihime

          • Kuroda Tsugutaka (1703–1775)


        • Kuroda Tsunayuki (1655–1708)

        • Kuroda Tsunamasa (1659–1711)
          • Kuroda Nobumasa (1685–1774)




Kamehime


  • Matsudaira Tadaaki (1583–1644)
    • Matsudaira Tadahiro (1631–1700)
      • Matsudaira Tadamasa (1683–1746)
        • Matsudaira Tadatoki (1718–1783)
          • Matsudaira Tadahira (1747–1787)

        • Ii Naoari (1719–1760)
          • Ii Naoakira (1750–1820)
            • Matsudaira Tadasuke (1780–1821)
              • Matsudaira Tadataka (1801–1864)

Toku Hime


  • Hoshuin married Ikeda Toshitaka

  • Manjuin

  • Furuhime married Date Tadamune
    • Torachiyo (1624–1630)

    • Nabehime (1623–1680) married Tachibana Tadashige

    • Date Mitsumune (1627–1645)


  • Ikeda Tadatsugu (1599–1615)

  • Ikeda Teruzumi (1604–1622)
    • Ikeda Masatake (1649–1687)
      • Ikeda Masachika (1684–1751)
        • Ikeda Masakatsu (1709–1782)
          • Ikeda Sadatsune (1767–1833)
            • Ikeda Sadayasu (1805–1847)
              • Ikeda Hiroko (1842–1872) married Tokugawa Yoshikatsu later Ikeda Yoshikatsu (1837–1877)
                • Ikeda Terutomo (1852–1890)
                  • Ikeda Kyoko (1884–1923) married Tokugawa Nakahiro later Ikeda Nakahiro (1877–1948)
                    • Ikeda Narizane (1904–1993)

  • Ikeda Tadakatsu (1602–1632)
    • Ikeda Mitsunaka (1630–1693)
      • Ikeda Nakazumi (1650–1722)
        • Ikeda Yoshiyasu (1687–1739)
          • Ikeda Muneyasu (1717–1747)
            • Ikeda Shigenobu (1746–1783)
              • Ikeda Harumichi (1768–1798)
                • Ikeda Iyohime (1792–1824) married Shimazu Narioki
                  • Ikeda Naritoshi (1811–1842)

                  • Shimazu Nariakira


  • Ikeda Toshitaka (1584–1616)

    • Ikeda Mitsumasa

      • Ikeda Tsunamasa

        • Ikeda Tsugumasa

          • Ikeda Munemasa

            • Ikeda Harumasa
              • Ikeda Narimasa

            • Sagara Nagahiro (1752–1813)
              • Sagara Yorinori (1774–1856)
                • Sagara Yoriyuki (1798–1850)
                  • Ikeda Akimasa (1836–1903)
                    • Ikeda Narimasa (1865–1909)
                      • Ikeda Tadamasa (1895–1920)

                      • Ikeda Nobumasa (1904–1988)
                        • Ikeda Takamasa (1926–2012) married Atsuko Ikeda



    • Ikeda Tadakatsu (1602–1632)
      • Ikeda Tsunakiyo (1648–1711)

      • Ikeda Nakasumi (1650–1722)
        • Ikeda Yoshiyasu (1687–1739)
          • Ikeda Muneyasu (1717–1747)
            • Ikeda shigenobu (1746–1783)
              • Ikeda Harumichi (1768–1798)

              • Ikeda Nakamasa (1780–1841)
                • Ikeda Nakanori (1805–1850)
                  • Ikeda Yoshiyuki (1832–1848)

                  • Ikeda Seiko (1834–1879) married Maeda Toshitaka later Ikeda Toshitaka (1834–1850)





Yūki Hideyasu


  • Hisahime (1598–1655) married Mōri Hidenari
    • Mōri Tsunahiro (1639–1689)
      • Mōri Yoshinari (1668–1694)

      • Mōri Yoshihiro (1673–1707)



  • Matsudaira Tadanao
    • Nagami Nagahara (1632–1701)

    • Nagami Nagayori (1639–1663)
      • Matsudaira Tsunakuni (1662–1735)
        • Andō Kunichika (d. 1724)
          • Andō Chikatomo (b. 1712)

    • Matsudaira Mitsunaga (1616–1707)
      • Matsudaira Tsunakata (1633–1674)

      • Kunihime (1636–1671) married Matsudaira Mitsumichi

      • Inahime married Date Munetoshi


    • Kamehime (1617–1681) married Takamatsu no Miya Yoshihito-Shinnō, son of Emperor Go-Yōzei

    • Tsuruhime (1618–1671) married Kujo Michifusa
      • Third daughter married Asano Tsunaakira

      • Fifth daughter married Asano Tsunaakira

      • First daughter married Kujo Kaneharu

        • Kujō Sukezane
          • Zuisho-in married Tokugawa Yoshimichi
            • Tokugawa Gorota

          • Kujō Morotaka


          • Kujō Yukinori
            • Kujō Tanemoto


            • Nijō Munemoto
              • Nijō Shigeyori (1751–1768)


              • Nijō Harutaka

                • Kujō Hisatada
                  • Matsuzono Hisayoshi

                  • Tsurudono Tadayoshi


                  • Takatsukasa Hiromichi
                    • Takatsukasa Nobuhiro


                    • Nobusuke Takatsukasa
                      • Toshimichi Takatsukasa



                  • Nijō Motohiro
                    • Nijō Atsumoto


                  • Empress Eishō
                    • Imperial Princess Junko Nai-shinno

                    • Imperial Princess Fuko



                  • Kujo Michitaka

                    • Empress Teimei
                      • Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu

                      • Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu


                      • Takahito, Prince Mikasa

                        • Prince Tomohito of Mikasa
                          • Princess Yoko of Mikasa

                          • Princess Akiko of Mikasa



                        • Princess Yasuko of Mikasa
                          • Tadahiro Konoe (b. 1970)

                        • Yoshihito, Prince Katsura


                        • Norihito, Prince Takamado
                          • Princess Tsuguko of Takamado

                          • Princess Noriko of Takamado

                          • Princess Ayako of Takamado



                        • Princess Masako of Mikasa
                          • Akifumi Sen

                          • Makiko Sen

                          • Takafumi Sen




                      • Hirohito, Emperor Showa

                        • Akihito, Emperor of Japan
                          • Sayako, Princess Nori


                          • Fumihito, Prince Akishino
                            • Princess Mako of Akishino

                            • Princess Kako of Akishino

                            • Prince Hisahito of Akishino



                          • Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan
                            • Aiko, Princess Toshi



                        • Takako, Princess Suga
                          • Yoshihisa Shimazu (b. 1962)

                        • Masahito, Prince Hitachi

                        • Atsuko, Princess Yori

                        • Kazuko, Princess Taka

                        • Sachiko, Princess Hisa


                        • Shigeko, Princess Teru
                          • Mibu Motohiro (b. 1949)

                          • Princess Fumiko of Higashikuni (b. 1946)

                          • Princess Yuko of Higashikuni (b. 1954)

                          • Prince Naohiko Higashikuni
                            • Prince Teruhiko Higashikuni

                            • Prince Mutsuhiko Higashikuni


                          • Prince Nobuhiko Higashikuni (b. 1945)
                            • Prince Yukihiko Higashikuni (b. 1974)





                • Nijō Narimichi (1781–1798)

                • Sainjo

                • Kujō Suketsugu

                • Nijō Suiko married Nabeshima Naotomo
                  • Nabeshima Naotada


                • Nijō Narinobu

                  • Nijō Nariyuki

                    • Nijō Masamaro
                      • Nijo Toyomoto (1909–1944)

                      • Nijo Tamemoto (1911–1985)






          • Kujō Naozane

            • Kujō Michisaki
              • Kujō Sukeie




  • Matsudaira Naomasa (1601–1666)
    • Matsudaira Chikayoshi (1632–1717)
      • Matsudaira Chikatoki (1659–1702)
        • Matsudaira Naoyuki (1682–1718)

  • Matsudaira Naomoto (1604–1648)
    • Matsudaira Naonari (1642–1695)
      • Matsudaira Motochika (1682–1721)
        • Matsudaira Munenori

  • Matsudaira Naoyoshi (1605–1678)
    • Sunohime, married Matsudaira Chikasukae

    • Ichihime, married Arima Yutakayu

    • Matsudaira Kenmatsu

    • Matsudaira Mansuke

    • Matsudaira Naoaki (1656–1721)
      • Matsudaira Naotsune (1679–1744)
        • Matsudaira Naozumi (1727–1764)
          • Matsudaira Naotaka

          • Matsudaira Naogen

          • Mitsuruhime married Ikeda Mitsuhisa

          • Matsudaira Naoyasu (1749–1804)
            • Honda Tadaakira

            • Ando Sadanori

            • Matsudaira Naoaki

            • Matsudaira Naoho

            • Matsudaira Naotaka

            • Sakahime married Makino Yasushi later married Mizuno Sadatoshi

            • Teruhime married Honda Tadashiakira later married Naito Masahiro

            • Kanhime married Matsudaira Naomasu

            • Takahime married Hachisuka Yoshiaki

            • Shinhime married Hatekayama Mototoshi

            • Kotohime married to Kageyukouji family

            • Matsudaira Naotada

            • Matsudaira Naokata

            • Nakajo Nobutoku (1779–1830)
              • Nakajo Nobuuya (1812–?)

            • Matsudaira Naokiyo (1777–1796)

            • Matsudaira Naoyuki (1768–1786)

            • Matsudaira Naochika (1773–1828)
              • Kunihime married Honda Tadaoki

              • Samuhime married Arima Hironori

              • Makotohime married Ikeda Masanori

              • Matsudaira Naono

              • Matsudaira Naokata

              • Matsudaira Naritsugu (1803–1868)
                • Satoko married Hosokawa Ikuma

                • Matsudaira Naomasa

                • Matsudaira Yoshinori (1826–1897)
                  • Matsudaira Naotoku

                  • Matsudaira Naono (1849–1884)


                • Matsudaira Naose (1848–1913)
                  • Matsudaira Seitoku

                  • Matsudaira Naokani








  • Matsudaira Tadamasa

    • Matsudaira Masakatsu (1636–1693)
      • Matsudaira Tsunamasa

      • Matsudaira Munemasa

      • Matsudaira Yoshikuni


    • Matsudaira Masachika


    • Matsudaira Mitsumichi
      • Matsudaira Masakatsu


Matsudaira Tadateru


  • Tokumatsu

  • Gotakehime

Tokugawa Yoshinao


  • Kyohime (1626–1674) and married Hirohata Tadayuki
    • Shinhime married Tokugawa Tsunanari

    • Sadahime married Arima Yorimoto

    • Enhime married Asano Nagateru

    • Kiyohime married Oda Nobutake

    • Tomohime married Oda Nobutake
      • Oda Nobuyasu (1678–1723)
        • Oda Nobushige (1710–1783)

        • Oda Nagakyo

        • Oda Nobumoto (1709–1737)




  • Tokugawa Mitsutomo
    • Matsudaira Yoshiyuki (1656–1715)

    • Matsudaira Tomoaki (1678–1782)

      • Tokugawa Munekatsu
        • Matsudaira Katsumasa (1738–1801)

        • Matsudaira Yoshitoshi (1734–1771)
          • Matsudaira Yoshitomo (1760–1793)

          • Matsudaira Yoshihiro (1762–1795)




    • Tokugawa Tsunanari
      • Matsudaira Yoshitaka

      • Tokugawa Tsugutomo

      • Matsuhime, married Maeda Yoshinori

      • Tokugawa Muneharu


      • Tokugawa Yoshimichi
        • Tokugawa Gorota

        • Shinjuin (1706–1757), married Kujo Yukinori
          • Kujo Tanemoto


          • Nijo Munemoto
            • Nijo Shigeyoshi (1751–1768)


            • Nijo Harutaka
              • Nijo Narimichi

              • Saionji

              • Kujo Suketsugu

              • Nijo Suiko married Nabeshima Naotomo
                • Nabeshima Naotada


              • Nijo Narinobu
                • Nijo Nariyuki


                • Nijo Masamaro
                  • Nijo Tamemoto (1911–1985)

                  • Nijo Toyomoto (1909–1944)




              • Kujo Hisatada

                • Empress Eisho
                  • Junko-no-Miya

                • Kujo Michitaka

                • Tsurudono Tadayoshi

                • Matsuzono Hisayoshi


                • Nijo Motohiro
                  • Nijo Atsumoto


                • Takatsukasa Hiromichi
                  • Takatsukasa Nobuhiro (1892–1981)


                  • Nobusuke Takatsukasa
                    • Toshimichi Takatsukasa









Furihime


  • Gamō Tadasato (1602–1627) of Aizu Domain

  • Gamō Tadatomo (1604–1634) of Kaminoyama Domain

  • Suhoin (1602–1656) married Kato Tadahiro of Kumamoto Domain
    • Kato Mitsuhiro (1614–1633)


  • Asano Mitsuakira

    • Asano Nagashira (1652–1704)


    • Asano Nagataka (1644–1666)

    • Ichihime married Tozawa Hidenari of Shinjo Domain

    • Hisahime married Ogasawara Tadataka of Kokura Domain
      • Ogasawara Tadatomo (1682-1752) of Kokura Domain

      • Ogasawara Sadamichi (1686-1747) of Kokura-Shinden Domain
        • Ogasawara Sadamasa (1719-1739)

        • Nuihime married Uramatsu Sukemitsu

        • daughter married Goro Morihiro later married Ogasawara Nagayuki

        • Ogasawara Sadaaki (1734-1804) of Kokura-Shinden Domain



    • Kamehime married Sengoku Tadatoshi
      • Sengoku Masaakira (1659-1717) of Ueda Domain
        • Katsuhime married Oda Nobufusa, heir of Oda Nobunari of Obata Domain


    • Asano Tsunaakira

      • Asano Nagasumi (1671–1718)


      • Asano Tsunanaga

        • Asano Nagakata (1693–1744)


        • Nakagawa Hisayoshi (1708–1743)


        • Asano Yoshinaga
          • Chohime married Sakai Tadayori

            • Sakai Tadaharu (1732–1767)

              • Sakai Tadamasa (1752–1824)
                • Sakai Tadashi


                • Sakai Tadayoshi (1779–1821)
                  • Kai Shosoi


                  • Sakai Tadakata (1808–1887)

                    • Sakai Tadayoshi (1831–1884)

                      • Sakai Tadashi (1857–1911)
                        • Takako married Kimura Jinkichi

                        • Katsuko married Kashima Masaki (1875–1942)


                        • Sakai Tadayoshi (1887–1932)



                    • Morikawa Toshikata (1850–1887)
                      • Chomaru





              • Sakai Tadanori (1755–1812)

                • Ogawara Nagayasu (1806–1862)


                • Naito Masashi (1806–1855)


                • Ichihasi Nagatomi (1805–1859)


                • Mizuno Tadazane (1792–1842)


                • Kuroda Naoko (1793–1850)
                  • Tokunaga Naoki


                  • Kuroda Naokazu (1819–1876)



                • Sakai Tadashi (1790–1854)

                  • Sakai Tadahiro (1839–1862)


                  • Yonetsu Masaaki (1830–1899)


                  • Yonetsu Masaeki (1829–1873)


                  • Ichihashi Hisakazu (1821–1882)


                  • Masuyama Masunobu (1820–1869)
                    • Kamagoro

                    • Tetsujiro

                    • Mitsunosuke

                    • Matsuyama Matsuyuki



                  • Sakai Tadanaka (1821–1845)


                  • Sakai Tadayuki (1812–1876)

                    • Sakai Tadatoshi (1857–1943)

                    • Sakai Tadatsune

                    • Sakai Tadachujo


                    • Sakai Tadaatsu (1853–1915)
                      • Yonako

                      • Takako married Sakai Tadayoshi (1886–1964)

                      • Utako married Odachi Shigeo (1892–1955)


                      • Sakai Tadayoshi (1893–1962)


                      • Sakai Tadataka (1890–1956)


                      • Sakai Tadayoshi (1888–1962)



                    • Sakai Tadayuki (1856–1921)
                      • Sakai Tadachuwa

                      • Akiko married Inaba Tomotsune

                      • Yoshiko married Nishikawa Kenji

                      • Yuuko married Kusumi Hinakaba


                      • Sakai Tadayoshi (1888–1962)


                      • Sakai Tadayoshi (1886–1964)







          • Asano Munetsune
            • Asano Nagatsumi


            • Asano Nagami (1745–1808)


            • Mizuno Tadayori (1744–1818)

              • Naito Masashi (1785–1836)

              • Mizuno Tadakata

              • Mizuno Tadamitsu



            • Asano Shigeakira

              • Asano Narikata

                • Asano Naritaka
                  • Asano Yoshiteru


              • Asano Nagatoshi
                • Asano Nagamichi

                • Asano Toshiteru
                  • Asano Nagakoto

                • Asano Toshitsugu

                  • Asano Nagayuki

                    • Asano Nagatake

                      • Asano Nagayoshi
                        • Asano Nagataka (b. 1956)








Tokugawa Yorifusa


  • Michiko (1624–1664) married Matsudono Michiaki

  • Kamemaru (1625–1628)

  • Man (1627–1689) married Ota Sukemasa

  • Kiku (1628–1706) married Matsudaira Yasuhiro

  • Matsudaira Yoritomo (1629–1693)
    • Matsudaira Yorisada

    • Matsudaira Yoriai

    • Tanehime married Soma Masatane

    • Chohime married Honda Shigemasu

    • Kumehime married Matsudaira Munemasa

    • Honda Tadakuni (1666–1704)
      • Honda Tadataka (1698–1709)


  • Sen (1635–1681) married Maki Kagenobu

  • Matsu

  • Matsudaira Yorikatsu (1630–1697)

  • Kiihime (1627–1631)

  • Kohime (1628–1717)

  • Matsudaira Yoritaka (1629–1707)

  • Ritsu (1632–1711) married Yamanobe Yoshikata

  • Suzuki Shigeyoshi (1634–1668)

  • Oohime (1627–1656) married Maeda Mitsutaka
    • Maeda Tsunanori

    • Toyohime

    • Naohime

    • Keihime

    • Setsuhime
      • Maeda Toshiaki(1691–1737)
        • Tenhime married Sanada Nobuyasu

        • Yumihime married Nanbu Toshikatsu
          • Nanbu Toshikatsu (1746–1814)

        • Tomihime

        • Maeda Nobunari

        • Atsuhime married Maeda Nagaatsu

        • Maeda Toshimichi (1733–1781)
          • Maeda Toshisada

          • Maeda Toshiaki (1758–1791)
            • Hide

            • Maeda Toshinobu

            • Maeda Toshitsuna

            • Maeda Toshiyasu (1779–1806)

            • Maeda Toshiriyu

            • Sen married Matsudaira Naohiro of Hirose Domain


          • Motosaburo

          • Maeda Toshitane (1760–1788)
            • Maeda Toshiriyu

            • Maeda Toshitsune

            • Maeda Toshiyuki

            • Yu

            • Seiko-in


          • Maeda Toshimochi (1768–1828)

          • Maeda Toshiyuki (1835–1855)

          • Sakihime married Kitsuregawa Yasuuji

          • Masahime married Maeda Harunaga

          • Maeda Toshitoyo (1771–1836)
            • Matsudaira Chikanobu (1804–1841)

            • Maeda Toshimoto (1806–1871)
              • Maeda Norikuni (1847–1915)

            • Maeda Toshichika

            • Maeda Toshimori

            • Maeda Toshinuki

            • Maeda Toshikira (1823–1877)
              • Kuni











              • Maeda Nobu

              • Maeda Toshi


            • Keiko

            • Senko

            • Eiko married Satake Yoshihiro

            • Ikuko married Kato Yasumoto

            • Yoshiko married wakisaka Yasuhira

            • Hanabusa Toshitane

            • Maeda Toshihiro (1823–1877)
              • Maeda Toshiaki (1850–1896)
                • Maeda Toshinari (1885–1942)
                  • Maeda Toshitatsu(1908–1989)
                    • Maeda Toshihiro (1935–)
                      • Maeda Toshitaka (1963–)
                        • Maeda Toshikyo (1993–)





      • Maeda Yoshinori









  • Matsudaia Yoriyuki (1631–1717)


  • Tokugawa Mitsukuni
    • Matsudaira Yoritsune (1652–1704) of Takamatsu Domain
      • Hisamatsu

      • Matsudaira Yoriyasu



  • Matsudaira Yorishige
    • Tokugawa Tsunakata (1648–1670)

    • Tokugawa Tsunaeda (1656–1718)

    • Matsudaira Yoriyoshi (1667–1706)
      • Hachisuka Muneshige

      • Hachisuka Yoshihisa (1737–1754)


      • Matsudaira Yorihiro
        • Matsudaira Yoritake



    • Matsudaira Yoritoshi

      • Matsudaira Yoritoyo (1680–1735)

        • Tokugawa Munetaka

          • Tokugawa Munemoto
            • Tokugawa Harumori
              • Matsudaira Yoshinari
                • Matsudaira Yoshitatsu

                  • Matsudaira Katamori

                    • Tsuneo Matsudaira
                      • Matsudaira Ichiro (1907–1992)

                        • Tokugawa Tsunenari
                          • Tokugawa Iehiro

              • Tokugawa Harutoshi

                • Matsudaira Yorihiro

                  • Matsudaira Yoritoshi

                    • Matsudaira Yorinaga

                      • Matsudaira Yoriaki
                        • Matsudaira Yoritaka
                          • Matsudaira Yoriosa (b. 1963)



        • Matsudaira Yoriharu (1711–1730)


        • Tokugawa Munetaka

          • Matsudaira Yoriyuki (1727–1774)


          • Tokugawa Munemoto

            • Matsudaira Yorisuke (1756–1830)


            • Nakayama Nobutaka (1765–1820)


            • Tokugawa Harumori (1751–1805)

              • Matsudaira Yoshikazu (1776–1832)


              • Tsuchiya Yoshinao (1798–1847)


              • Tokugawa Harutoshi

                • Tokugawa Narinobu (17971–1829)[clarification needed]

                • Matsudaira Yorihiro


                • Matsudaira Yorikata (1801–1839)


                • Tokugawa Juko married Nijo Narinobu
                  • Nijo Hiroko


                  • Nijo Nariyuki

                    • Nijo Masamaro
                      • Nijo Toyomoto (1909–1944)

                      • Nijo Tamemoto (1911–1985)




                • Tokugawa Nariaki
                  • Matsudaira Nobunori

                  • Tokugawa Yoshiatsu (1832–1869) married Itohime, Adopted daughter of Tokugawa Ieyoshi
                    • Mamahime

                  • Matsudaira Naoyoshi (1839–1862)

                  • Tsuchiya Shigenao (1852–1892)

                  • Matsudaira Takakira (1842–1882)

                  • Tokugawa Sadako (1850–1872)

                  • Kitsuregawa Tsunauji (1844–1874)

                  • Ikeda Yoshinori (1837–1877)

                  • Ikeda Mochimasa (1839–1899)

                  • Matsudaira Tadakazu

                  • Matsudaira Yoriyuki (1858–1873)

                  • Matsudaira Akikuni (1849–1864)


                  • Tokugawa Akitake
                    • Tokugawa Takesada (b. 1888)


                  • Tokugawa Yoshinobu
                    • Ikeda Nakahiro (1877–1948)

                    • Tokugawa Atsushi (1874–1930)

                    • Tokugawa Makoto (1887–1968)

                    • Katsu Kuwashi (1888–1932)

                    • Tokugawa Yoshihisa (1884–1922)
                      • Kikuko, Princess Takamatsu

                      • Yoshimitsu Tokugawa (1913–1993)

                        • Yoshitomo Tokugawa
                          • Tokugawa Yoshitaka (b. 1981)


                    • Tokugawa Tsuneko (1882–1939) married Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu
                      • Princess Fushimi Tomoko (1907–1947) married Prince Kuni Asaakira

                      • Princess Fushimi Atsuko (1907–1936) married Count Kiyosu Yukiyasu

                      • Princess Fushimi Yasuko (1898–1919) married Asano Nagatake

                      • Prince Kacho Hirotada

                      • Prince Kacho Hironobu
                        • Kacho Hiromichi

                        • Kacho Hirotaka



                      • Prince Fushimi Hiroyoshi

                        • Prince Fushimi Hiroaki
                          • Princess Fushimi Masako

                          • Princess Fushimi Nobuko

                          • Princess Fushimi Akiko



                      • Count Fushimi Hirohide
                        • Fushimi Motoko (b. 1937) married Domoto Taizo

                        • Fushimi Kazuko (b. 1938)

                        • Fushimi Junko

                        • Fushimi Yoshiko (b. 1943) married Ino Kazuo (b. 1941)











Tokugawa Yorinobu


  • Inabahime married Ikeda Mitsunaka of Tottori Domain

  • Matsuhime married Matsudaira Nobuhira Yoshiie Domain

  • Matsudaira Yorizumi (1641–1711)
    • Matsudaira Yorirai

    • Matsudaira Yorinobi (1661–1698)

    • Matsudaira Yorikatsu (1668–1718)

    • Tokugawa Munenao
      • Tokugawa Harusada


      • Tokugawa Munemasa
        • Tokugawa Shigenori

        • Matsudaira Yorikata
          • Tokugawa Harutomi

          • Matsudaira Yoriyuki
            • Matsudaira Yorisato
              • Tokugawa Mochitsugu




    • Watanabe Kyotsuna (1658–1738)
      • Watanabe Noritsuna (1697–1724)

      • Watanabe Toyotsuna (1693–1730)
        • Watanabe Yatsuna (1727–1789)
          • Date Masahiro

          • Watanabe Notsuna (1756–1816)
            • Watanabe Nobutsuna


      • Arima Ujihisa (1699–1771)
        • Arima Ujitsune (1739–1760)

        • Arima Ujibo (1757–1773)





  • Tokugawa Mitsusada
    • Tokugawa Tsunanori (1665–1705)

    • Tokugawa Yoritomo (1680–1705)

    • Tokugawa Yoshimune




See also



  • East Asian age reckoning

  • List of Tōshō-gū

  • Testament of Ieyasu


Notes




  1. ^ "Iyeyasu". Encyclopedia.com..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ "Iyeyasu". Merriam-Webster.


  3. ^ abcd Turnbull, Stephen (2012). Tokugawa Ieyasu. Osprey Publishing. pp. 5–9. ISBN 9781849085748.


  4. ^ abc Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battles of the Samurai. Arms and Armour Press. p. 35. ISBN 0853688265.


  5. ^ abcd Screech, Timon (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
    ISBN 0-7007-1720-X, pp. 85, 234; n.b., Screech explains

    Minamoto-no-Ieyasu was born in Tenbun 11, on the 26th day of the 12th month (1542) and he died in Genna 2, on the 17th day of the 4th month (1616); and thus, his contemporaries would have said that he lived 75 years. In this period, children were considered one year old at birth and became two the following New Year's Day; and all people advanced a year that day, not on their actual birthday.




  6. ^ abc Turnbull, Stephen (2012). Tokugawa Ieyasu. Osprey Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 9781849085748.


  7. ^ abcd Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. Cassell & Co. p. 215. ISBN 1854095234.


  8. ^ ab Turnbull, Stephen R. (1977). The Samurai: A Military History. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. p. 144.


  9. ^ Screech, Timon (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
    ISBN 0-7007-1720-X, p. 82.



  10. ^ abcd Sansom, Sir George Bailey (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford University Press. p. 353. ISBN 0-8047-0525-9.


  11. ^ ab Turnbull, Stephen (1987). Battle of the Samurai. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. 67–78. ISBN 0853688265.


  12. ^ ab Turnbull, Stephen (2000). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & C0. pp. 222–223. ISBN 1854095234.


  13. ^ Sadler, p. 164.


  14. ^ Nutall, Zelia. (1906). The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan, p. 2


  15. ^ "Japan to Decorate King Alfonso Today; Emperor's Brother Nears Madrid With Collar of the Chrysanthemum for Spanish King". The New York Times, November 3, 1930, p. 6.


  16. ^ Sadler, p. 187


  17. ^ Titsingh, Isaac (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, p. 405.


  18. ^ Titsingh, Isaac (1822). Illustrations of Japan. London: Ackerman, p. 409.


  19. ^ Van Wolferen, Karel (1990). The Enigma of Japanese Power: People and Politics in a Stateless Nation. New York: Vintage Books. p. 28. ISBN 0-679-72802-3.


  20. ^ Milton, Giles. Samurai William: The Englishman Who Opened Japan. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2003.


  21. ^ Nutail, Zelia (1906). The Earliest Historical Relations Between Mexico and Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 6–45.


  22. ^ Milton, Giles. Samurai William : the Englishman Who Opened Japan. p. 265. Quoting Le P. Valentin Carvalho, S.J.


  23. ^ Murdoch, James; Yamagata, Isoh (1903). A History of Japan. Kelly & Walsh. p. 500.


  24. ^ Mullins, Mark R. (1990). "Japanese Pentecostalism and the World of the Dead: a Study of Cultural Adaptation in Iesu no Mitama Kyokai". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 17 (4): 353–374.


  25. ^ JAANUS / Gongen-zukuri 権現造


  26. ^ "Jyoukouji:The silk coloured portrait of wife of Takatsugu Kyogoku". 2011-05-06. Archived from the original on 2011-05-06. Retrieved 2018-02-15.


  27. ^ Sansom, George, A History of Japan, 1615–1867, Stanford University Press. 1960, p. 9


  28. ^ Frederic, Louis, Daily Live in Japan at the Time of the Samurai, 1185–1603, Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc., Rutland, Vermont, 1973, p. 180


  29. ^ Leonard, Jonathan, Early Japan, Time-Life Books, New York, ç1968, p.162


  30. ^ Sansom, G. B., The Western World and Japan, Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland and Tokyo, 1950, p. 132


  31. ^ Sadler, p. 344.


  32. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, 794–1969, p. 418.


  33. ^ OldTokyo.com: Tōshō-gū Shrine; American Forum for Global Education, JapanProject Archived 2012-12-31 at the Wayback Machine.; retrieved 2012-11-1.


  34. ^ Storry, Richard. (1982). A History of Modern Japan, p. 60


  35. ^ Thomas, J. E. (1996). Modern Japan: a social history since 1868,
    ISBN 0582259614, p. 4.



  36. ^ On the subject, see the article Gosanke.


  37. ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
    (in Japanese)




Bibliography



  • Sadler, A. L. (1937). The Maker of Modern Japan.


Further reading



  • Bolitho, Harold (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press.
    ISBN 978-0-300-01655-0.
    OCLC 185685588.

  • McClain, James (1991). The Cambridge History of Japan Volume 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • McLynn, Frank (2008). The Greatest Shogun, BBC History Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp 52–53.

  • あおもりの文化財 徳川家康自筆日課念仏 – 青森県庁ホームページ


  • Sansom, George (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    ISBN 0-8047-0525-9.

  • Totman, Conrad D. (1967). Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    OCLC 279623.


External links


  • The Christian Century in Japan, by Charles Boxer


  • Media related to Tokugawa Ieyasu at Wikimedia Commons




Military offices
Preceded by
Sengoku period

Shōgun:
Tokugawa Ieyasu

1603–1605
Succeeded by
Tokugawa Hidetada