Physical medicine and rehabilitation
 Physiatrist assessing a patient | |
| Occupation | |
|---|---|
| Names | Physician |
| Synonyms | Physiatrist, rehabilitation medicine, physical and rehabilitation medicine (PRM) |
| Pronunciation |
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Activity sectors | Medicine |
| Description | |
Education required |
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Physical medicine and rehabilitation, also known as physiatry, is a branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. A physician having completed training in this field may be referred to as a physiatrist. Physiatrists specialize in restoring optimal function to people with injuries to the muscles, bones, ligaments, or nervous system.[1]
Contents
1 Scope of the field
2 History
3 Treatment
4 Training
4.1 Subspecialties
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Scope of the field
In the hospital setting, physiatrists commonly treat patients who have had an amputation, spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and other debilitating injuries. In treating these patients, physiatrists lead an interdisciplinary team of physical, occupational, recreational and speech therapists, nurses, psychologists, and social workers. In outpatient settings, physiatrists also treat patients with muscle and joint injuries, pain syndromes, non-healing wounds, and other disabling conditions. Physiatrists are trained to perform intramuscular and interarticular injections as well as nerve conduction studies.[2]
History
During the first half of the 20th century, two unofficial specialties, physical medicine and rehabilitation medicine, developed separately, but in practice both treated similar patient populations consisting of those with disabling injuries. Frank H. Krusen was a pioneer of physical medicine, which emphasized the use of physical agents, such as hydrotherapy and hyperbaric oxygen, at Temple University and then at Mayo Clinic and it was he that coined the term 'physiatry' in 1938. Rehabilitation medicine gained prominence during both World Wars in the treatment of injured soldiers and laborers. Howard A. Rusk, an internal medicine physician from Missouri, became a pioneer of rehabilitation medicine after being appointed to rehabilitate airmen during World War II. In 1944, the Baruch Committee, commissioned by philanthropist Bernard Baruch, defined the specialty as a combination of the two fields and laid the framework for its acceptance as an official medical specialty. The committee also distributed funds to establish training and research programs across the nation. The specialty that came to be known as physical medicine and rehabilitation in the United States was officially established in 1947, when an independent Board of Physical Medicine was established under the authority of the American Board of Medical Specialties. In 1949, at the insistence of Dr. Rusk and others, the specialty incorporated rehabilitation medicine and changed its name to Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.[3][4]
Treatment
The major concern that physical medicine and rehabilitation addresses is the ability of a person to function optimally within the limitations placed upon them by a disabling impairment or disease process for which there is no known cure. The emphasis is not on the full restoration to the premorbid level of function, but rather the optimization of the quality of life for those not able to achieve full restoration. A team approach to chronic conditions is emphasized to coordinate care of patients. Comprehensive Rehabilitation is provided by specialists in this field, who act as facilitators, team leaders, and medical experts for rehabilitation.
In rehabilitation, goal setting is often used by the clinical care team to provide the team and the person undergoing rehabilitation for an acquired disability a direction to work towards.[5] Very low quality evidence indicates that goal setting may lead to a higher quality of life for the person with the disability, and it not clear if goal setting used in this context reduces or increases re-hospitalization or death.[5]
Not only must a physiatrist know medical knowledge regarding a patient's condition, but they also need to know relevant/practical knowledge regarding it as well. This involves issues such as: what type of wheelchair best suits the patient, what type of prosthetic would fit best, does their current house layout accommodate their handicap well, and other every day complications that their patients might have.[2]
Training
In the United States, residency training for physical medicine and rehabilitation is four years long, including an intern year. There are 83 programs in the United States accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, in 28 states.[6]
Specifics of training differs from program to program but the base knowledge acquired is roughly the same. Residents are trained in the inpatient setting taking care of multiple types of rehabilitation including: spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, stroke, orthopedic, cancer, cerebral palsy, burn, pediatric rehab, and other disabling injuries. The residents are also trained in the outpatient setting to know how to take care of the chronic conditions patient's have following their inpatient stay. During training, residents are instructed on how to properly perform several diagnostic procedures which include electromyography and nerve conduction studies and also procedures such as joint injections and trigger point injections.[2]
Subspecialties
Seven accredited sub-specializations are recognized in the United States:[7]
- Neuromuscular medicine
- Pain medicine
Pediatric rehabilitation medicine- Spinal cord injury
- Sports medicine
- Brain injury
- Hospice and palliative medicine
Fellowship training for other unaccredited subspecialties within the field include the following:[8]
- Musculoskeletal/Spine
- Stroke
- Multiple sclerosis
- Neurorehabilitation
- Electrodiagnostic medicine
- Cancer rehabilitation
- Occupational and environmental medicine
See also
- American Osteopathic Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
References
^ "What is Physiatry? - HSS". Hss.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-20..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ abc Lee, Peter K. W. (2011). "Defining Physiatry and Future Scope of Rehabilitation Medicine". Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine. pp. 445–449. doi:10.5535/arm.2011.35.4.445. PMC 3309231. Missing or empty|url=(help)
^ Verville, Richard (2009). War, Politics, and Philanthropy The History of Rehabilitation Medicine. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-4594-2.
^ Dillingham, Timothy R. (2002). "Physiatry, physical medicine, and rehabilitation: historical development and military roles". Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. pp. 1–16, v. PMID 11878077. Missing or empty|url=(help);|access-date=requires|url=(help)
^ ab Levack, William M. M.; Weatherall, Mark; Hay-Smith, E. Jean C.; Dean, Sarah G.; McPherson, Kathryn; Siegert, Richard J. (2015-07-20). "Goal setting and strategies to enhance goal pursuit for adults with acquired disability participating in rehabilitation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (7): CD009727. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009727.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 26189709.
^ "A Step by Step Guide to Applying for a PM&R Residency". American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ "Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation". Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
^ "Roadmap to a fellowship - American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation" (PDF). AAPM&R. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
External links
Media related to Physical medicine and rehabilitation at Wikimedia Commons
What Is PM&R? gives a physical medicine and rehabilitation resident's description of the specialty and its appeal as a physician
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