Kangaroo rat
| Kangaroo rats Temporal range: Late Pliocene – Recent | |
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Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Heteromyidae |
| Subfamily: | Dipodomyinae |
| Genus: | Dipodomys Gray, 1841[1] |
Species | |
Dipodomys agilis | |
Kangaroo rats, small rodents of genus Dipodomys, are native to western North America. The common name derives from their bipedal form. They hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo, but developed this mode of locomotion independently, like several other clades of rodents (e.g. dipodids and hopping mice).
Contents
1 Description
1.1 Locomotion
2 Ecology
2.1 Range and habitat
2.2 Food and foraging
3 Lifestyle
3.1 Burrow system
3.2 Social interactions
3.3 Mating and reproduction
4 Taxonomy
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Description
Kangaroo rats are four-toed heteromyid rodents with big hind legs, small front legs and relatively large heads. Adults typically weigh between 70 and 170 g.[2] The tails of kangaroo rats are longer than both their bodies and their heads. Another notable feature of kangaroo rats are their fur-lined cheek pouches, which are used for storing food. The coloration of kangaroo rats varies from cinnamon buff to dark gray, depending on the species.[3] There is also some variation in length with one of the largest species, the banner-tailed kangaroo rat being six inches in body length and a tail length of eight inches.[3]Sexual dimorphism exists in all species, with males being larger than females.
Locomotion
Kangaroo rats move bipedally. Kangaroo rats often leap a distance of 6 feet,[4] and reportedly up to 9 feet (2.75 m)[5]
at speeds up to almost 10 feet/sec, or 10 kph (6 mph).[6] They can quickly change their direction between jumps.[6] The rapid locomotion of the banner-tailed kangaroo rat may minimize energy cost and predation risk.[7] Its use of a "move-freeze" mode may also make it less conspicuous to nocturnal predators.[7]
Ecology
Range and habitat
Kangaroo rats live in arid and semi-arid areas particularly on sandy or soft soils[3] which are suitable for burrowing. They can, however, vary in both geographic range and habitat. In particular, Merriam's kangaroo rats live in areas of low rainfall and humidity, and high summer temperature and evaporation rates.[8] They can be found in areas of varying elevation, ranging from below sea level to about 4500 feet.[8] They live in areas of stony soils, including clays, gravel and rocks, which are harder than soils preferred by some other species like banner-tail kangaroo rats.[3] Merriam's kangaroo rats live in hot and dry areas and so must conserve water.[9] They do this in part by lowering their metabolic rate, which reduces loss of water through their skin and respiratory system. They obtain enough water from the metabolic oxidation of the seeds they eat to survive and do not need to drink water at all.[9]
Banner-tailed kangaroo rats generally live in grasslands and scrublands. They live in dry areas but have more water available to them than Merriam's kangaroo rats. All kangaroo rat species are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather.[3] Kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes, foxes, badgers, weasels, owls, and snakes.
Food and foraging
Kangaroo rats are primarily seed eaters.[10] They will, however, sometimes eat vegetation at some times of the year and some insects, too.[3] They have been seen storing the seeds of mesquite, creosote, bush, purslane, ocotillo and grama grass in their cheek pouches. Kangaroo rats will store extra seeds in seed caches.[8] This caching behavior affects the range-land and croplands where the animals live.[3] Kangaroo rats must harvest as much seed as possible in as little time as possible.[10] To conserve energy and water, they minimize their time away from their cool, dry burrows. In addition, maximizing time in their burrows minimizes their exposure to predators.[10]
When on foraging trips, kangaroo rats hoard the seeds that they find. It is important for a kangaroo rat to encounter more food items than are consumed, at least at one point in the year, as well as defend or rediscover food caches and remain within the same areas long enough to utilize food resources.[7] Different species of kangaroo rat may have different seed caching strategies to coexist with each other, as is the case for the banner-tailed kangaroo rat and Merriam's kangaroo rat which have overlapping ranges.[2] Merriam's kangaroo rats scatterhoard small caches of seeds in numerous small, shallow holes they dig.[11] This is initially done close to the food source, maximizing harvest rates and reducing travel costs, but later redistributed more widely, minimizing theft by other rodents.[11] Banner-tailed kangaroo rats larderhoard a sizable cache of seeds within the large mounds they occupy. This could decrease their time and energy expenses; they also spend less time on the surface digging holes, reducing risk of predation. Being larger and more sedentary, they are better able to defend these larders from depredations by other rodents.[11]
Lifestyle
Tipton kangaroo rat (D. nitratoides nitratoides) at the California Living Museum in Bakersfield
Kangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges. These home ranges tend to be small with most activities within 200–300 ft and rarely 600 ft.[3] Home range size can vary within species with Merriam's kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner-tailed kangaroo rats. Recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults. Within its home range, a kangaroo rat has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system.
Burrow system
Kangaroo rats live in complex burrow systems. The burrows have separate chambers for specific purposes like sleeping, living and food storage.[3] The spacing of the burrows depends on the number of kangaroo rats and the abundance of food. Kangaroo rats also live in colonies that range from six to several hundred dens.[8] The burrow of a kangaroo rat is important in providing protection from the harsh desert environment. To maintain a constant temperature and relative humidity in their burrows, kangaroo rats plug the entrances with soil during the day.[3] When the outside temperature is too hot, a kangaroo rat stays in its cool, humid burrow and leaves it only at night.[9] To reduce loss of moisture through respiration when sleeping, a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur to accumulate a small pocket of moist air.[9] The burrows of Merriam's kangaroo rats are simpler and shallower than those of banner-tailed kangaroo rats. Banner-tailed kangaroo rats also mate in their burrows, unlike Merriam's kangaroo rats.
Social interactions
Kangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little social organization. Kangaroo rats communicate during competitive interactions and courtship.[12] They do cluster together in some feeding situations. Groups of kangaroo rats that exist are aggregations and colonies.[3] There appears to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats in competition for access to females.[13] Male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them. Females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non-aggressive interactions. This is likely in part because the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males.[13] Linear dominance hierarchies appear to exist among males but it is not known if this is the case for females.[13] Winners of aggressive encounters appear to be the most active individuals.
Mating and reproduction
Kangaroo rats have a promiscuous mating system. Their reproductive output is highest in summer following high rainfalls.[14] During droughts and food shortages, only a few females will breed.[3] It appears that kangaroo rats can assess their local conditions and adjust their reproductive efforts accordingly.[14] Merriam's kangaroo rats breed between February and May and produce two or three litters per year.[2] Before mating, the male and female will perform nasal-anal circling until the female stops and allows the male to mount her. A Merriam's kangaroo rat female will allow multiple males to mount her in a short time, perhaps to ensure greater chances of producing offspring. Mating in banner-tailed kangaroo rats involve more chasing and foot drumming in the male before the females allows him to mate.[15] Banner-tailed kangaroo rats mate on mounds and the more successful males chase away rival males.[15] The gestation period of kangaroo rats lasts 22–27 days.
The young are born in a fur-lined nest in the burrows. They are born blind and hairless.[2] For the first week, young Merriam kangaroo rats crawl, and develop their hind legs in their second or third week.[8] At this time, the young become independent. Banner-tailed kangaroo rat are weaned between 22–25 days. Offspring remain in the mound for 1-6 more months in the maternal caches.[14]
Taxonomy
Family Heteromydae
Subfamily Dipodomyinae
Dipodomys agilis (Agile kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys californicus (California kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys compactus (Gulf Coast kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys deserti (Desert kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys elator (Texas kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys elephantinus (Big-eared kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys gravipes (San Quintin kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys heermanni (Heerman's kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys ingens (Giant kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys merriami (Merriam's kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys microps (Chisel-toothed kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys nelsoni (Nelson's kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys nitratoides (Fresno kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys ordii (Ord's kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys panamintinus (Panamint kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys phillipsii (Phillips's kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys simulans (Dulzura kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys spectabilis (Banner-tailed kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys stephensi (Stephens's kangaroo rat)
Dipodomys venustus (Narrow-faced kangaroo rat)
See also
Hopping mouse - a similar murid rodent native to Australia; an example of parallel evolution
Jerboa - a similar dipodid rodent native to northern Africa and Asia
Jumping mouse - a non-desert-dwelling dipodid rodent native to China and North America
Kangaroo mouse - a closely related heteromyid rodent of North America
Kultarr - an unrelated marsupial with a similar body plan and coloration; an example of convergence
Springhare - a similar pedetid rodent native to southern and eastern Africa
References
^ Gray, J. E. (1841). "A new Genus of Mexican Glirine Mammalia". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 7 (46): 521–522..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
^ abcd Nader, I.A. 1978. "Kangaroo rats: Intraspecific Variation in Dipodomus spectabilis Merriami and Dipodomys deserti Stephens". Illinois biological monographs; 49: 1-116. Chicago, University of Illinois Press.
^ abcdefghijkl Howard, V.W. 1994. Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. S.E. Hygynstrom, R.M. Timm and G.E. Larson. New Mexico, (Cooperative Extension Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: Animal Damage Control, Great Plains Agricultural Council: Wildlife Committee). B101-B104.
^ "Merriam's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys merriami". U. S. Bureau of Land Management web site. Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved 2014-03-26.
^ Merlin, P. (2014). "Heteromyidae: Kangaroo Rats & Pocket Mice". Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum web site. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Retrieved 2014-03-26.
^ ab "Animal Guide: Giant Kangaroo Rat". Nature on PBS web site. Public Broadcasting System. 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-26.
^ abc Schroder, G. D. (August 1979). "Foraging Behavior and Home Range Utilization of the Bannertail Kangaroo Rat". Ecology. Ecological Society of America. 60 (4): 657–665. doi:10.2307/1936601. JSTOR 1936601.
^ abcde Reynolds, H. G. (February 1958). "The Ecology of the Merriam Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys merriami Mearns) on the Grazing Lands of Southern Arizona". Ecological Monographs. 28 (2): 111–127. doi:10.2307/1942205.
^ abcd Lidicker, W.Z. 1960. "An Analysis of Intraspecific Variation in the Kangaroo Rat Dipodomus merriami." Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.
^ abc Morgan, K. R.; Price, M. V. (1992-12-01). "Foraging in Heteromyid Rodents: The Energy Costs of Scratch-Digging". Ecology. 73 (6): 2260–2272. doi:10.2307/1941473.
^ abc Jenkins, S. H.; Rothstein, A.; Green, W. C. H. (December 1995). "Food Hoarding by Merriam's Kangaroo Rats: A Test of Alternative Hypotheses". Ecology. Ecological Society of America. 76 (8): 2470–2481. doi:10.2307/2265821. JSTOR 2265821.
^ Randall, J.A. (2014). Vibrational Communication: Spiders to Kangaroo Rats. In: Witzany, G. (ed). Biocommunication of Animals. Springer, Dortrecht, pp. 103-133.
^ abc Newmark, J. E.; Jenkins, S. H. (April 2000). "Sex Differences in Agonistic Behavior of Merriam's Kangaroo Rats (Dipodomys merriami)". The American Midland Naturalist. 43 (2): 377–388. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0377:SDIABO]2.0.CO;2.
^ abc Waser, P. M.; Jones, W. T. (June 1991). "Survival and Reproductive Effort in Banner-Tailed Kangaroo Rats". Ecology. 72 (3): 771–777. doi:10.2307/1940579. JSTOR 1940579.
^ ab Randall, J. A. (January 1987). "Field Observations of Male Competition and Mating in Merriam's and Bannertail Kangaroo Rats". American Midland Naturalist. 117 (1): 211. doi:10.2307/2425723. JSTOR 2425723.
Patton, J.L. (2005). "Family Heteromyidae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 844–849. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
External links
Life History of the Kangaroo Rat at Project Gutenberg--United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1091, from September 1922- ARKive.org
