Anomodont












Anomodonts
Temporal range: Middle Permian-Late Triassic, 270–201 Ma (Possible Early Cretaceous record.)[1]

PreЄ

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Lystrosaurus 1.JPG
Mounted skeleton of Lystrosaurus

Scientific classification e
Kingdom:

Animalia
Phylum:

Chordata
Order:

Therapsida

Clade:

Neotherapsida
Suborder:

Anomodontia
Owen, 1859
Subgroups

See text





Anomocephalus





Otsheria





Aulacocephalodon





Kannemeyeria


Anomodontia is an extinct group of non-mammalian therapsids containing many species from the Permian and Triassic periods (possibly continuing into the Early Cretaceous),[2] most of which were toothless, possibly endothermic[3][4][5]herbivores.[6] Anomodonts were very diverse during the Middle Permian, including primitive forms like Anomocephalus and Patranomodon and groups like Venyukovioidea, Dromasauria, and Dicynodontia. Of these, only the dicynodonts survived beyond the Middle Permian. Dicynodonts became the most successful and abundant of all herbivores in the Late Permian and Triassic, filling ecological niches ranging from large browsers down to small burrowers. Few dicynodont families survived the Permian–Triassic extinction event, but one lineage evolved into large, stocky forms that remained the dominant terrestrial herbivores right until the Late Triassic, when changing conditions caused them to decline.




Contents





  • 1 Classification

    • 1.1 Taxonomy


    • 1.2 Phylogeny



  • 2 See also


  • 3 References




Classification



Taxonomy


  • Order Therapsida

  • Suborder Anomodontia
    • Biseridens

    • Patranomodon

    • clade Anomocephaloidea
      • Anomocephalus

      • Tiarajudens


    • Superfamily Venyukovioidea
      • Family Otsheridae
        • Otsheria

        • Suminia


      • Family Venyukoviidae
        • Ulemica

        • Venjukovia



    • Clade Chainosauria
      • Galechirus

      • Galeops

      • Galepus

      • Infraorder Dicynodontia




Phylogeny


Cladogram modified from Liu et al. (2009):[2]


.mw-parser-output table.cladeborder-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto.mw-parser-output table.clade table.cladewidth:100%.mw-parser-output table.clade tdborder:0;padding:0;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-labelwidth:0.8em;border:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabelborder:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-barvertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafborder:0;padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafRborder:0;padding:0;text-align:right



Therapsida 







unnamed








Biarmosuchia





Gorgonopsia





unnamed








Dinocephalia



 Anomodontia 








Biseridens




unnamed








Anomocephalus




unnamed






 Venyukovioidea 








Otsheria




unnamed








Ulemica





Suminia





 Chainosauria 








Patranomodon




unnamed








Galeops





Eodicynodon










Below is a cladogram from Kammerer et al. (2013).[7] The data matrix of Kammerer et al. (2013), a list of characteristics that was used in the analysis, was based on that of Kammerer et al. (2011), which followed a comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon.[8] Because of this, many of the relationships found by Kammerer et al. (2013) are the same as those found by Kammerer et al. (2011). However, several taxa were added to the analysis, including Tiarajudens Eubrachiosaurus, Shaanbeikannemeyeria, Zambiasaurus and many "outgroup" taxa (positioned outside Anomodontia), while other taxa were re-coded. As in Kammerer et al. (2011), the interrelationships of non-kannemeyeriiform dicynodontoids are weakly supported and thus vary between the analyses.[7]














Biseridens



















Anomocephalus





Tiarajudens













Patranomodon










 2 








Suminia












Otsheria





Ulemica





 3 















Galepus





Galechirus













Galeops



 4 








"Eodicynodon" oelofseni



















Eodicynodon oosthuizeni





Colobodectes













Lanthanostegus












Chelydontops












Endothiodon












Pristerodon



 5 






 6 






 7 








Diictodon












Eosimops












Prosictodon





Robertia






 8 








Emydops



 9 






 10 








Dicynodontoides





Kombuisia













Myosaurus



 11 








Cistecephalus












Cistecephaloides





Kawingasaurus











 12 















1 Anomodontia, 2 Venyukovioidea, 3 Chainosauria, 4 Dicynodontia, 5 Therochelonia, 6 Diictodontia, 7 Pylaecephalidae, 8 Emydopoidea, 9 Kistecephalia, 10 Kingoriidae, 11 Cistecephalidae, 12 Bidentalia



12 






 13 








Keyseria












Daqingshanodon










 14 








Oudenodon












Tropidostoma





Australobarbarus





















Odontocyclops





Idelesaurus











 15 








Rhachiocephalus





Kitchinganomodon




 16 








Syops



 17 








Aulacocephalodon












Pelanomodon












Geikia elginensis





Geikia locusticeps












 18 















Interpresosaurus












Elph





Katumbia














Gordonia



















Basilodon





Sintocephalus













Dicynodon lacerticeps












"Dicynodon" huenei



















Delectosaurus





Vivaxosaurus




















Daptocephalus












Dinanomodon





Peramodon














Jimusaria












Turfanodon










 19 








Euptychognathus












Lystrosaurus murrayi












"Lystrosaurus" declivus












"Lystrosaurus" curvatus












"Lystrosaurus" maccaigi












"Lystrosaurus" hedini












TSK 2





Kwazulusaurus












 20 













12 Bidentalia, 13 Cryptodontia, 14 Oudenodontidae, 15 Rhachiocephalidae, 16 Geikiidae, 17 Geikiinae, 18 Dicynodontoidea, 19 Lystrosauridae, 20 Kannemeyeriiformes



20 








Angonisaurus










 21 















Tetragonias





Vinceria













Shansiodon





Rhinodicynodon














Dinodontosaurus



















Shaanbeikannemeyeria












Kannemeyeria lophorhinus





Kannemeyeria simocephalus





















Parakannemeyeria





Xiyukannemeyeria




















Dolichuranus












Rechnisaurus





Uralokannemeyeria














Rabidosaurus












Sinokannemeyeria



















Rhadiodromus





Wadiasaurus




 22 






 23 








Zambiasaurus












Moghreberia





Placerias





 24 








Stahleckeria



















Eubrachiosaurus





Sangusaurus













Jachaleria





Ischigualastia















20 Kannemeyeriiformes, 21 Shansiodontidae, 22 Stahleckeriidae, 23 Placeriinae, 24 Stahleckeriinae


See also


  • Theriodont

  • Dinocephalia

  • Biarmosuchians

  • Evolution of mammals


References




  1. ^ *Thulborn, T.; Turner, S. (2003). "The last dicynodont: an Australian Cretaceous relict". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 270 (1518): 985–993. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2296. JSTOR 3558635. PMC 1691326. PMID 12803915..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ ab Liu, J.; Rubidge, B.; Li, J. (2009). "A new specimen of Biseridens qilianicus indicates its phylogenetic position as the most basal anomodont". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277 (1679): 285–292. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0883. PMC 2842672. PMID 19640887.


  3. ^ Bakker 1975


  4. ^ BOTHA-BRINK, Jennifer; ANGIELCZYK, Kenneth D. (2010). "Do extraordinarily high growth rates in Permo-Triassic dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) explain their success before and after the end-Permian extinction?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 160 (2): 341–365. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00601.x.


  5. ^ Bajdek, Piotr; Qvarnström, Martin; Owocki, Krzysztof; Sulej, Tomasz; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Golubev, Valeriy K.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2016). "Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-mammalian hair in Upper Permian coprolites from Russia". Lethaia. 49 (4): 455–477. doi:10.1111/let.12156.


  6. ^ Chinsamy-Turan, A. (2011) Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation - Histology - Biology, p.39. Indiana University Press,
    ISBN 0253356970. Retrieved May 2012



  7. ^ ab Kammerer, C. F.; Fröbisch, J. R.; Angielczyk, K. D. (2013). Farke, Andrew A, ed. "On the Validity and Phylogenetic Position of Eubrachiosaurus browni, a Kannemeyeriiform Dicynodont (Anomodontia) from Triassic North America". PLoS ONE. 8 (5): e64203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064203. PMC 3669350. PMID 23741307.


  8. ^ Kammerer, C.F.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Fröbisch, J. (2011). "A comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) and its implications for dicynodont phylogeny, biogeography, and biostratigraphy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (Suppl. 1): 1–158. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.627074.












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