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XXIII Olympic Winter Games

Host city	Pyeongchang, South Korea
Motto	Passion. Connected. (Korean: 하나된 열정., Hanadoen Yeoljeong)
Nations	92
Athletes	2,922 (1,680 men and 1,242 women)
Events	102 in 7 sports (15 disciplines)
Opening	9 February
Closing	25 February
Opened by	President Moon Jae-in
Cauldron	Kim Yun-a
Stadium	Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium
Winter
← Sochi 2014 Beijing 2022 →
Summer
← Rio 2016 Tokyo 2020 →

Part of a series on

2018 Winter Olympics Bid process (bid details) Venues Torch relay Marketing (mascots) Broadcasters Opening ceremony (flag bearers) Chronological summary Medal table (medalists) World and Olympic records Controversies (Russian doping scandal) Closing ceremony (flag bearers) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG v t e

The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (Korean: 제23회 동계 올림픽, translit. Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018, the eve of the opening ceremony.

Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. This was the first time that South Korea had hosted the Winter Olympics and the second Olympics held in the country overall, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games, after Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998), both in Japan. It was also the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia, the other two being the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.

The Games featured 102 events over fifteen disciplines in seven sports, with the addition of "big air" snowboarding, mass start speed skating, mixed doubles curling, and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme. 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed, including the debuts of Ecuador, Eritrea, Kosovo, Malaysia, Nigeria and Singapore. After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics, the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended, and selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the IOC designation of "Olympic Athletes from Russia". Despite tense relations, North Korea agreed to participate in the Games, enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea, and field a unified team in women's ice hockey.

Norway led the total medal tally with 39, followed by Germany's 31 and Canada's 29.^[1] Germany and Norway were tied for the most gold medals won; both won fourteen golds. Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals, their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics, five of which were gold.

Bidding and election

Pyeongchang Card, which Jacques Rogge, former IOC president, announced.

Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively.^[2]

Munich also launched a bid to host these Games. Prior to Beijing's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid, Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games, having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, but received only 25 votes. Annecy (in southeastern France) launched their own bid, which failed to secure public support from the local citizens. Their bid ended up receiving seven votes.^[3]

Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011, earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting, more votes than its competitors combined. With this, Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games; the first two were in Japan, at Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998).^[4][5]

2018 Winter Olympics bidding results
City	Nation	Votes
Pyeongchang	South Korea	63
Munich	Germany	25
Annecy	France	7

Development and preparation

Pyeongchang

Location in South Korea

On 5 August 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission.^[6][7] On 4 October 2011, it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin-sun. The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games (POCOG) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011. The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the Games as well as forming a design for the venues.^[8] The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012. By then, construction was already underway on the Olympic Village.^[9][10] In June 2012, construction began on a high-speed rail line that would connect Pyeongchang to Seoul.^[11]

The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012.^[12] Then-IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013.^[13]

The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles.^[14]

2018 Olympics gold medal

Medals

The design for the Games' medals was unveiled on 21 September 2017. Created by Lee Suk-woo, the design features a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides, with the Olympic rings on the front, and the obverse showing the 2018 Olympics' emblem, the event name and the discipline. The edge of each medal is marked with extrusions of hangul alphabets, while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile.^[15]

2018 Winter Olympics torch

Torch relay

The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018. On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea. The relay lasted 101 days. There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people. There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers.

The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation, including by turtle ship in Hansando Island, sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo, marine cable car in Yeosu, zip-wire over Bamseom Island, steam train in the Gokseong Train Village, marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok, and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City.

There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon.^[16]

Venues

Olympic venues 2018

Dragon Valley (Alpensia) Ski Resort

Most of the outdoor snow events were held in the county of Pyeongchang, while the downhill, combined and super-G events in the Alpine skiing were held in the neighboring county of Jeongseon. The indoor ice events were held in the nearby city of Gangneung.

Pyeongchang (mountain cluster)

The Alpensia Sports Park in Daegwallyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang, was the focus of the 2018 Winter Olympics.^[17][18] It was home to the Olympic Stadium,^[19] the Olympic Village and most of the outdoor sports venues.

• 
  Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre – ski jumping, Nordic combined, snowboarding (big air)


• 
  Alpensia Biathlon Centre – biathlon


• 
  Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre – cross-country skiing, Nordic combined


• 
  Alpensia Sliding Centre – luge, bobsleigh, skeleton


• 
  Yongpyong Alpine Centre – alpine skiing (slalom, giant slalom)

Additionally, a stand-alone outdoor sports venue was located in Bongpyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang:

• 
  Phoenix Snow Park – freestyle skiing, snowboarding

Another stand-alone outdoor sports venue was located in Pyeongchang's neighboring county of Jeongseon:

• 
  Jeongseon Alpine Centre – alpine skiing (downhill, super-G, combined)

Gangneung (coastal cluster)

The Gangneung Olympic Park in the city of Gangneung includes four indoor sports venues, all in close proximity to one another.

• 
  Gangneung Hockey Centre – ice hockey (men's competition)


• 
  Gangneung Curling Centre – curling


• 
  Gangneung Oval^[19] – long track speed skating


• 
  Gangneung Ice Arena – short track speed skating, figure skating

Additionally, a stand-alone indoor sports venue was located in the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University.

• 
  Kwandong Hockey Centre – ice hockey (women's competition)

Ticketing

Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and tickets went on sale in October 2016. Event tickets ranged in price from ₩20,000 South Korean won (approx. US$18) to ₩900,000 (~US$796) while tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies ranged from ₩220,000 (~US$195) to ₩1.5 million (~US$1327). The exact prices were determined through market research; around 50% of the tickets were expected to cost about ₩80,000 (~US$71) or less, and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region, such as biathlon and luge, were made cheaper in order to encourage attendance. By contrast, figure skating and the men's ice hockey gold-medal game carried the most expensive tickets of the Games.^[20]

As of 11 October 2017, domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow. Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans, only 20.7% had been sold. International sales were more favorable, with 59.7% of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold.^[21][22] However, as of 31 January 2018, 77% of all tickets had been sold.^[23]

The Games

Parade of Nations at 2018 Olympic Opening Ceremony

Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018; the US$100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics, and was demolished following their conclusion.^[24][25][26]

Sports

The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events over 15 disciplines in 7 sports,^[27] making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events. Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang: men's and ladies' big air snowboarding, mixed doubles curling, men's and ladies' mass start speed skating, and mixed team alpine skiing.^[27][28]

Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each separate discipline.

Participating National Olympic Committees

A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games. The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below (number of athletes shown in parentheses). Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut: Ecuador, Eritrea, Kosovo, Malaysia, Nigeria and Singapore.^[29][30] Athletes from three further countries – the Cayman Islands, Dominica and Peru – qualified to compete, but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation (FIS).^[31]

Under an historic agreement facilitated by the IOC, qualified athletes from North Korea were allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea to compete in the Games.^[32][33][34] The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony.^[35][36] A unified Korean team, consisting of 12 players from North Korea and 23 from South Korea, competed in the women's ice hockey tournament under a special IOC country code designation (COR) following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018.^[37] The two nations also participated separately: the South Korea team competed in every sport and the North Korea team competed in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, figure skating and short track speed skating.^[38] See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details.

On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy and the investigation into the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Individual Russian athletes, who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC's doping regulations, were given the option to compete at the 2018 Games as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) under the Olympic flag and with the Olympic anthem played at any ceremony.^[39]

  The participating countries at the Winter Olympics 2018

  Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee

IOC Code	Country	Athletes
USA	United States	242
CAN	Canada	225
SUI	Switzerland	169
OAR	Olympic Athletes from Russia[b]	168
GER	Germany	156
JPN	Japan	124
KOR	South Korea[a]	122
ITA	Italy	122
SWE	Sweden	116
NOR	Norway	109
FRA	France	107
FIN	Finland	106
AUT	Austria	105
CZE	Czech Republic	95
CHN	China	80
SLO	Slovenia	71
POL	Poland	62
GBR	Great Britain	58
SVK	Slovakia	56
AUS	Australia	50
KAZ	Kazakhstan	46
COR	Korea[a]	35
LAT	Latvia	34
NED	Netherlands	33
BLR	Belarus	33
UKR	Ukraine	33
ROU	Romania	27
EST	Estonia	22
BEL	Belgium	22
BUL	Bulgaria	21
NZL	New Zealand	20
CRO	Croatia	19
HUN	Hungary	19
DEN	Denmark	17
ESP	Spain	13
ISR	Israel	10
PRK	North Korea[a]	10
BRA	Brazil	9
LTU	Lithuania	9
TUR	Turkey	8
CHI	Chile	7
ARG	Argentina	7
AND	Andorra	5
ISL	Iceland	5
IRL	Ireland	5
BIH	Bosnia and Herzegovina	4
COL	Colombia	4
GEO	Georgia	4
GRE	Greece	4
IRI	Iran	4
MEX	Mexico	4
MON	Monaco	4
SRB	Serbia	4
TPE	Chinese Taipei	4
THA	Thailand	4
ARM	Armenia	3
JAM	Jamaica	3
LBN	Lebanon	3
LIE	Liechtenstein	3
MKD	Macedonia	3
MNE	Montenegro	3
NGR	Nigeria	3
ALB	Albania	2
BOL	Bolivia	2
IND	India	2
KGZ	Kyrgyzstan	2
MAS	Malaysia	2
MDA	Moldova	2
MGL	Mongolia	2
MAR	Morocco	2
PAK	Pakistan	2
PHI	Philippines	2
POR	Portugal	2
UZB	Uzbekistan	2
AZE	Azerbaijan	1
BER	Bermuda	1
CYP	Cyprus	1
ECU	Ecuador	1
ERI	Eritrea	1
GHA	Ghana	1
HKG	Hong Kong	1
KEN	Kenya	1
KOS	Kosovo	1
LUX	Luxembourg	1
MAD	Madagascar	1
MLT	Malta	1
PUR	Puerto Rico	1
SMR	San Marino	1
SGP	Singapore	1
RSA	South Africa	1
TLS	East Timor	1
TGA	Tonga	1
TOG	Togo	1

^a Apart from the respective delegations, North Korea and South Korea formed a unified Korean women's ice hockey team.
^b Russian athletes participated as Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) if individually cleared by the IOC.

Event scheduling

To accommodate primetime broadcasts in the Americas, figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times; figure skating is one of the most popular Winter Olympic sports among U.S. viewers (due to the substantial fees NBC has paid for rights to the Olympics, the IOC has allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible; NBC agreed to a $7.75 billion contract extension on May 7, 2014, to air the Olympics through the 2032 games,^[46] is also one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC).^[47] This scheduling practice affected the events themselves, including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule, as well as lower attendance levels at the sessions.^[48]

Conversely, and somewhat controversially, eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night, making it necessary for competitors to ski and shoot under floodlights, with colder temperatures and blustery winds.^[49]

Calendar

All dates are KST (UTC+9)

February		8th Thu	9th Fri	10th Sat	11th Sun	12th Mon	13th Tue	14th Wed	15th Thu	16th Fri	17th Sat	18th Sun	19th Mon	20th Tue	21st Wed	22nd Thu	23rd Fri	24th Sat	25th Sun	Events
Ceremonies			OC																CC	N/A
Alpine skiing							1		2	2	1	1			1	2		1		11
Biathlon				1	1	2			2		1	1		1		1	1			11
Bobsleigh												●	1	●	1			●	1	3
Cross-country skiing				1	1		2		1	1	1	1			2			1	1	12
Curling		●	●	●	●	●	1	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	1	1	3
Figure skating			●		●	1		●	1	●	1		●	1	●		1		EG	5
Freestyle skiing			●		1	1			●	1	1	2	●	1	1	1	1			10
Ice hockey				●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	●	1	●	●	1	2
Luge				●	1	●	1	1	1											4
Nordic combined								1						1		1				3
Short track speed skating				1			1				2			1		3				8
Skeleton									●	1	1									2
Ski jumping		●		1		1				●	1		1							4
Snowboarding				●	1	1	1	1	1	1			●		●	1		3		10
Speed skating				1	1	1	1	1	1	1		1	1		2		1	2		14
Daily medal events		0	0	5	6	7	8	4	9	7	9	6	3	5	7	10	4	8	4	102
Cumulative total		0	0	5	11	18	26	30	39	46	55	61	64	69	76	86	90	98	102
February		8th Thu	9th Fri	10th Sat	11th Sun	12th Mon	13th Tue	14th Wed	15th Thu	16th Fri	17th Sat	18th Sun	19th Mon	20th Tue	21st Wed	22nd Thu	23rd Fri	24th Sat	25th Sun	Total events

Medal table

  *   Host nation (South Korea)^[50]

Rank	NOC	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Norway (NOR)	14	14	11	39
2	Germany (GER)	14	10	7	31
3	Canada (CAN)	11	8	10	29
4	United States (USA)	9	8	6	23
5	Netherlands (NED)	8	6	6	20
6	Sweden (SWE)	7	6	1	14
7	South Korea (KOR)*	5	8	4	17
8	Switzerland (SUI)	5	6	4	15
9	France (FRA)	5	4	6	15
10	Austria (AUT)	5	3	6	14
11–30	Remaining	20	29	41	90
Totals (30 NOCs)		103	102	102	307

Podium sweeps

Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games.

Date	Sport	Event	NOC	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Ref
10 February	Speed skating	Women's 3000 metres	Netherlands	Carlijn Achtereekte	Ireen Wüst	Antoinette de Jong	[51]
11 February	Cross-country skiing	Men's 30 km skiathlon	Norway	Simen Hegstad Krüger	Martin Johnsrud Sundby	Hans Christer Holund	[52]
20 February	Nordic combined	Individual large hill/10 km	Germany	Johannes Rydzek	Fabian Rießle	Eric Frenzel	[53]

Records

• 
  Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games.^[54] The previous record of seven Winter Olympics was held by Russian luger Albert Demchenko.


• American Nathan Chen became the first figure skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program.^[55]


• German figure skaters Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot set a new ISU best free skating score of 159.31 in pair skating.^[56]


• Canadian figure skaters Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir set a new ISU best short dance score of 83.67^[57] and a new ISU best combined total score of 206.07^[58] in ice dance. French ice dancers Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron set a new ISU best free dance score of 123.35.^[59]


• Russian figure skater Alina Zagitova set a new ISU best short program score of 82.92 in Ladies' single skating.^[60]


• Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men's 5000m event, becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times. He was also the first man to win a total of eight Olympic medals in speed skating.^[61]


• Dutch speed skater Ireen Wüst won an individual gold medal for the fourth Olympics in a row, the first time this had been achieved by a Winter Olympian. She also became the first speed skater (male or female) to win ten Winter Olympic medals and the first female Winter Olympian to win nine individual medals.^[62]


• Chinese short track speed skater Wu Dajing beat the men's 500m world record twice en route to winning a gold medal, becoming only the second person in history to skate the discipline in under 40 seconds (after American J. R. Celski), and the first to achieve this at "sea level".^[63]


• Dutch athlete Jorien ter Mors became the first female athlete to win Olympic medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games;^[64] she won a speed skating gold medal in the 1000 metres and she was also part of the Dutch short track team that won bronze in the 3000 metre relay.


• 
  Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom, making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games.^[65]


• Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won bronze in the women's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event, bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen, the most won by any athlete (male or female) in Winter Olympics history.^[66] The record was previously held by fellow Norwegian athlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen who has thirteen Olympic medals.


• Germany and Canada tied for gold in the two-man bobsleigh event, only the second time in history that two countries had tied for a gold medal in this particular event, the first time being in the 1998 Winter Olympics twenty years earlier.^[67]


• Norway won a total of 39 medals, setting a new record for the highest number of medals won at a single Winter Olympics. Their 39th medal was the gold won by cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen in the 30 km classical event. The record was previously held by the USA who won 37 medals in Vancouver in 2010.^[68]

Olympic cauldron in Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium

Closing ceremony

The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018, as Thomas Bach, the IOC president, declared the Games closed, and the cauldron extinguished.

Broadcasting

Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long-term broadcast rights deals, including the Games' local rightsholder SBS, which in July 2011 had extended its rights to the Olympics through to 2024.^[69] SBS sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS.^[70]

On 29 June 2015, the IOC announced that Discovery Communications (now Discovery Inc.) had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across all of Europe outside of Russia, from 2018 through to 2024. Discovery's pan-European Eurosport channels were promoted as the main broadcaster of the Games, but Discovery's free-to-air channels such as DMAX in Spain,^[71]Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway, were also involved in the overall broadcasting arrangements.^[72] Discovery was required to sub-license at least 100 hours of coverage to free-to-air broadcasters in each market;^[73][74] some of these agreements required certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks.^[75] The deal did not initially cover France due to France Télévisions' rights, which run through to the 2020 Games.^[76] In the United Kingdom, Discovery held exclusive pay television rights under licence from the BBC, in return for BBC sub-licensing the free-to-air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery.^[77]

Russian state broadcaster Channel One, and sports channel Match TV, committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes.^[76] Russia was not affected by the Eurosport deal, due to a pre-existing contract held by a marketing agency which runs through to 2024.^[76]

In the United States, the Games were once again broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long-term contract.^[78][79] As U.S. Eastern Time is fourteen hours behind Pyeongchang, morning events naturally fell within traditional U.S. prime time hours (8:00 to 11:00 pm). In acknowledgement of this, as well as past criticism of its practice of airing "plausibly live" delayed footage of events in primetime, NBC broadcast its primetime coverage live in all time zones. Figure skating events were intentionally scheduled in the morning in order to take advantage of peak prime time audiences in the Americas.^[48] As per previous Games, the ceremonies were still shown on TV via tape delay only, but NBC did, for the first time, offer live streaming of the opening ceremony online.^[80][81]

NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS) once again filmed portions of the Games, including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies, in high-dynamic-range 8K resolution video.^[82][83] In South Korea, ATSC 3.0 digital terrestrial television at 4K resolution was introduced in 2017 in time for the Olympics.^[84][85] In the U.S., this footage was delivered in 4K by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers, including its own Xfinity, as well as DirecTV and Dish Network. NBC's Raleigh, North Carolina affiliate WRAL-TV also held demonstration viewings as part of its ATSC 3.0 test broadcasts.^[86][87][88]

The 2018 Winter Olympics were also used to showcase 5G wireless technologies, as part of a collaboration between domestic wireless sponsor KT, and worldwide sponsor Intel. Several venues were outfitted with 5G networks to facilitate features such as live camera feeds from bobsleds, and multi-camera views from cross-country and figure skating events. These were offered as part of public demonstrations coordinated by KT and Intel.^[89][90]

Marketing

Concerns and controversies

North–South Korean relations

Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea, concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics, especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests. On 20 September 2017, South Korean president Moon Jae-in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games.^[91] The next day, Laura Flessel-Colovic, the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could not be guaranteed.^[92]

Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticising the game's
pro-North Korean measures

The next day, Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games. France later reaffirmed its participation.^[93] In early December 2017, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Nikki Haley, told Fox News that it was an "open question" whether the United States was going to participate in the Games, citing security concerns in the region.^[94] However, days later the White House Press Secretary, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, stated that the United States would participate.^[95]

In his New Year's address on 1 January 2018, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un proposed talks in Seoul over the country's participation in the Games, which would be the first high-level talks between the North and South in over two years. Because of the talks, held on 9 January, North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang.^[96][97] On 17 January 2018, it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women's ice hockey team at the Games, and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony.^[98][99]

These moves were met with opposition in South Korea, including protests and online petitions; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment, and that the unified hockey team would fail.^[100] A rap video entitled "The Regret for Pyeongchang" (평창유감), which echoed this criticism and called the event the "Pyongyang Olympics", went viral in the country.^[101] Japan's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea's "charm offensive", and not to ease its pressure on the country.^[98][102]

The South Korean President, Moon Jae-in, at the start of the Olympics shook hands with the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and a prominent figure of the regime, Kim Yo-jong. This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea.^[103][104] In contrast, U.S. vice president Mike Pence met with Fred Warmbier (father of Otto Warmbier, who had died after being released from captivity in North Korea) and a group of North Korean defectors in Pyeongchang.^[105] American officials said that North Korea cancelled a meeting with Pence at the last minute.^[106]

At the closing ceremony, North Korea sent general Kim Yong-chol as its delegate. His presence was met with hostility from South Korean conservatives, as there were allegations that he had a role in the ROKS Cheonan sinking and other past attacks. The Ministry of Unification stated that "there is a limitation in pinpointing who was responsible for the incident." Although he is subject to sanctions, they did not affect his ability to visit the country for the Games.^[107][108]

Russian doping

Russia's participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state-sponsored doping program. As a result, the IOC suspended the Russian Olympic Committee in December 2017, although Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally under the OAR (Olympic Athletes from Russia) designation.^[109] The official sanctions imposed by the IOC included: the exclusion of Russian government officials from the Games; the use of the Olympic flag and Olympic Anthem in place of the Russian flag and anthem; and the submission of a replacement logo for the OAR uniforms.^[110]

By early January 2018, the IOC had banned 43 Russian athletes from competing in the 2018 Winter Olympics and all future Olympic Games (as part of the Oswald Commission). Of those athletes, 42 appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and 28 of the appeals were successful, but eleven of the athletes had their sanctions upheld due to the weight of evidence against them. The IOC found it important to note that CAS Secretary General "insisted that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent" and that they would consider an appeal against the court's decision. Three of the athletes who appealed are still awaiting their hearings.^[111]

The eventual number of neutral Russian athletes that participated at the 2018 Games was 168. These were selected from an original pool of 500 athletes that was put forward for consideration and, in order to receive an invitation to the Games, they were obliged to meet a number of pre-games conditions to rule out any possibility of doping.

Russian president Vladimir Putin and other officials had signalled in the past that it would be a humiliation if Russian athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag.^[112] However, there were never actually any official plans to boycott the 2018 Games^[109] and in late 2017 the Russian government agreed to allow their athletes to compete at the Games as individuals under a neutral designation.^[113][114] Despite this public show of co-operation, there were numerous misgivings voiced by leading Russian politicians, including a statement from Putin himself saying that he believed the United States had used its influence within the IOC to "orchestrate the doping scandal".^[115] 86% of the Russian population opposed participation at the Olympics under a neutral flag,^[116] and many Russian fans attended the Games wearing the Russian colours and chanting "Russia!" in unison, in an act of defiance against the ban.^[117]

The IOC's decision was heavily criticised by Jack Robertson, primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), in whose opinion the judgement was commercially and politically motivated. He argued that not only was doping rife amongst Russian athletes but that there was no sign of it being eradicated.^[118] The CAS decision to overturn the life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals was also fiercely criticised, by Olympic officials, IOC president Thomas Bach and whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov's lawyer.^[119]

See also

• 2018 Winter Paralympics


• 2018 Summer Youth Olympics


• Winter Olympic Games


• Olympic Games


• International Olympic Committee


• List of IOC country codes


• Soohorang and Bandabi

References

External links

• Pyeongchang 2018


• Pyeongchang 2018 (IOC)