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Can the index of summation of a sum be anything other than an integer? What is the reasoning behind the answer?

You will have obvious issues if you are attempting an uncountable sum of non-zero values, but otherwise there is no greater difficulty than sums over an integer index

Here is an example:

$$sum_fracab in mathbbQ cap (0,1] left(frac1bright)^k = fraczeta(k-1)zeta(k)$$ where $frac a b$ is a rational expressed in lowest terms and real $k gt 2$

Normally yes, although it can be generalized to members of enumerable sets, for example, instead of writing

$$sum_i=0^N f(x_i)$$
you can simply write
$$sum_xin A f(x)$$
where $A$ is the set over which summation is done. This is very common simplification of notation.

What you are probably asking is, can they be noninteger real numbers... the answer is: those are not sums in the same sense, but people have generalized summation to noninteger indices. You can look up summability calculus, it's a beautiful theory, although I do not know what your mathematical background is.

The "index" of summation, the way I'm interpreting your question, corresponds to an enumeration of the elements of the set over which you are summing. For example, if you want to add the numbers $x_1,...,x_n$, then you would write
$$sum_k=1^nx_k$$
You can also think of this as
$$sum_xin Sx$$
where $S=x_1,...,x_n$.
However, there are sets which are not countable - this means the elements of the set are not in one-to-one correspondence with the set of integers. For example, you can take the sum of every real number in $[0,1]$, which you could write as
$$sum_xin [0,1]x$$
The problem is that because this set is uncountable, so there's no natural ordering for which to add these numbers. And in this case the sum is infinite. However if you know that a sum
$$sum_xin Sx<infty$$
then, even if $S$ is uncountable, this can be rewritten as a sum over a countable set.

Sums over non-integer indices are actually quite common. Of course the notation must make it clear what indices are being used. But you sometimes see expressions such as

$$ sum_alpha in A f(alpha) $$

where $A$ is some set (not necessarily of integers).

It should be noted that if $A$ is infinite, conditionally convergent sums will depend on the order in which the terms are taken, and that would have to be specified. For an absolutely convergent sum there is no problem. If $A$ is uncountable, the sum can't be well-defined and finite unless all but countably many $f(alpha)$ are $0$.

Absolutely! See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation#Capital-sigma_notation.

Really, the main purpose of using integers to index is because it's fairly intuitive but really any way of distinguishing different elements of a list will work (especially since addition will (generally) be commutative over the set of numbers so even the ordering of the elements is irrelevant).

An index set (while describing ways to index sets in a union rather than elements to be summed) provides a nice analogy

(see https://planetmath.org/indexingset)

Also, it's really often inconvenient to limit ourselves to plain old integer indexing.
More abstract notation is generally more useful.

Say you wanted the sum of all primes under 4000. You could do a lot of work to first figure out how many primes there are under 4000 and use that to index them all but it'd be far easier to just say something like

$sum_p:p=prime,p<4000 p$

As a more practical answer,
if you want the
index of summation
to increment by a constant
non-integer value,
you could write

$sum_x=0 by .01^1 f(x)
$.

However,
both symbolically and numerically
I would write this as
$sum_n=0^100 f(n/100)
$.

The numerical reason is that
if the increment is not
representable exactly
($0.01$ is not in binary floating point),
the loop may execute
an extra or one less time
than expected.