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Order of Australia
Insignia of a Knight/Dame of the Order of Australia
Awarded by the Monarch of Australia
Type	National Order
Eligibility	All living Australian citizens
Awarded for	Achievement and merit in service to Australia or humanity
Status	Currently constituted
Sovereign	Queen Elizabeth II
Chancellor	General Sir Peter Cosgrove
Grades	Knight/Dame (AK/AD)[1] Companion (AC) Officer (AO) Member (AM) Medal (OAM) Awarded in:   General Division   Military Division   As an Honorary award
Statistics
First induction	14 April 1975
Last induction	7 September 2017
Total inductees	AK – 15 AD – 4 AC – 512 AO – 2,815 AM – 9,799 OAM – 22,611[2]
Ribbons: general division; military division

The Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established on 14 February 1975 by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia, to recognise Australian citizens and other persons for achievement or meritorious service. Before the establishment of the order, Australian citizens received British honours.

The Queen of Australia is Sovereign Head of the Order,^[3] while the Governor-General is Principal Companion/Dame/Knight (as relevant at the time) and Chancellor of the Order. The Governor-General's Official Secretary, currently Mark Fraser, is Secretary of the Order.

Levels of membership

The order is divided into a general and a military division. The five levels of appointment to the order in descending order of seniority have been:

1. 
   Knight and Dame of the Order of Australia (AK and AD – discontinued, original quota of 4 per annum);^[1][4][5][6]


2. 
   Companion of the Order of Australia (AC – quota of 35 per annum);^[6]


3. 
   Officer of the Order of Australia (AO – quota of 140 per annum);^[6]


4. 
   Member of the Order of Australia (AM – quota of 340 per annum);^[6] and


5. 
   Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM – no quota).^[7]

Honorary awards at all levels may be made to deserving non-citizens – these awards are made additional to the quotas.

Insignia

The badge of the Order of Australia is a convex disc (gold for AKs, ADs and ACs, gilt for AOs, AMs and OAMs) representing the Golden Wattle flower. At the centre is a ring, representing the sea, with the word 'Australia' below two branches of golden wattle. The whole disc is topped by the Crown of St Edward. The AC badge is decorated with citrines, blue enamelled ring, and enamelled crown. The AO badge is similar, without the citrines. For the AM badge, only the crown is enamelled, and the OAM badge is plain. The AK/AD badge is similar to that of the AC badge, but with the difference that it contains at the centre an enamelled disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia.^[1]

The star for knights and dames is a convex golden disc decorated with citrines, with a blue royally crowned inner disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia.^[1]

The ribbon of the order is blue with a central stripe of golden wattle flower designs; that of the military division has additional golden edge stripes. AKs,^[1] male ACs and AOs wear their badges on a necklet; male AMs and OAMs wear them on a ribbon on the left chest. Women usually wear their badges on a bow on the left shoulder, although they may wear the same insignia as males if so desired.

A gold lapel pin for daily wear is issued with each badge of the order at the time of investiture; AK/AD^[1] and AC lapel pins feature a citrine central jewel, AO and AM lapel pins have a blue enamelled centre and OAM lapel pins are plain.

The order's insignia was designed by Stuart Devlin.

Membership

The Order currently consists of four levels (one discontinued) and the medal, in both general and military divisions. Since 2015, the knight/dame level has been discontinued. Awards of Knight and Dame of the Order have been made in the general division only.^[8]

While State Governors can present the Officer and Member level and the Medal of the Order of Australia to their respective state's residents, only the Queen of Australia or the Governor-General can present the Companion level (and previously also the Knight/Dame level).^[9]

Award criteria in detail

The different levels of the Order are awarded according to the recipients' levels of achievement:

Knight/Dame (1976–1983; 2014–2015)

• 
  General Division: "Extraordinary and pre-eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large".


• 
  Military Division: Not awarded in the military division.

There was a quota of four per year, excluding honorary appointments. The Knight- and Damehoods were conferred from 1976 to 1983, and from 2014 to 2015, and thus are not currently awarded.^[6]

Companion (AC)

• 
  General Division – 'Eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large'.


• 
  Military Division – 'Eminent service in duties of great responsibility'.

Excluding honorary appointments, until 2003, no more than 25 Companions were appointed in any
calendar year. In 2003 this was increased to 30.^[10] This was increased in 2016 to 35.^[11]

Officer (AO)

• 
  General Division – 'Distinguished service of a high degree to Australia or to humanity at large'.


• 
  Military Division – 'Distinguished service in responsible positions'.

Prior to 2003, the quota was 100 Officers appointed in any calendar year. In 2003 this was increased to 125.^[10] This was increased in 2016 to 140.^[11]

Member (AM)

• 
  General Division – 'Service in a particular locality or field of activity or to a particular group'.


• 
  Military Division – 'Exceptional service or performance of duty'.

Prior to 2003, the quota was 225 Members appointed in any calendar year. In 2003 this was increased to 300.^[10] This was increased in 2016 to 340.^[11]

Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM)

• 
  General Division – 'Service worthy of particular recognition'


• 
  Military Division – 'Meritorious service or performance of duty'.

There are no quota limits on awards of the Medal of the Order.

Nomination process

Since 1976 any person may nominate any Australian citizen for an award. The nominations are reviewed by the Council for the Order of Australia,^[6] and then approved by the Governor-General. The Order is awarded on Australia Day and on the Queen's Birthday public holiday in June, when public announcements are made about new awards, on the occasion of a special announcement by the Governor-General (usually honorary awards), and on the appointment of a new Governor-General.

People who are not Australian citizens may be awarded honorary membership of the Order at all levels.

Appointments to the Order are not made posthumously; however, if a nominee dies after accepting an appointment but before the relevant announcement date, the appointment stands and it is announced as having effect from no later than the date of the nominee's death.

Awardees may subsequently resign from the Order, and also may have their award cancelled by the Governor-General.^[12]

Appointment process

A nomination for an Order of Australia award starts with an Australian citizen filling in a confidential form and submitting it to the Honours Secretariat at Government House in Canberra.^[13][14] This form is not covered by the Freedom of Information Act.^[15]

The nomination forms are given to the Council for the Order of Australia.^[6] Who attends meetings of the council and reasoning as to why a nomination either did or did not result in an appointment is confidential.^[16] The council makes recommendations to the governor-general, who presents the order's insignia to new appointees,^[6] The council may also advise the governor-general to remove an individual from the order.^[17][18]

Announcements of all awards, cancellations and resignations appear in the Commonwealth Gazette. People awarded honours have the option of not having the information appear on the "It's an Honour" website.^[19]

History

Establishment

The Order of Australia was established on 14 February 1975 by letters patent of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of Australia, the Australian monarch, and countersigned by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. The original order had three levels: Companion (AC), Officer (AO) and Member (AM) as well as two divisions: Civil Division and Military Division. At the time it was also announced that Australian prime ministers would no longer nominate persons for British Imperial honours, but this new practice did not extend to nominations by state premiers.

On 24 May 1976, the level of Knight (AK) and Dame (AD) and the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM), were created by the Queen on the advice of Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser, and the Civil Division was renamed the General Division. The level of Knight/Dame was awarded only in the General Division.

The original three-level structure of the Order of Australia was modelled closely upon the Order of Canada,^[20][21] though the Order of Australia has been awarded rather more liberally, especially in regard to honorary awards to foreigners. To date, only 20 non-Canadians have been appointed to the Order of Canada, while more than 275 non-Australians have been appointed to the Order of Australia, with more than 30 to the "Companion" level.

Knights and dames

The neck badge of a Knight of the Order of Australia appeared at the base of the coat of arms of Sir Ninian Stephen.

Following the 1983 federal election, Prime Minister Bob Hawke advised the abolition of the knight/dame level. On 3 March 1986, the Queen co-signed letters patent revoking the level, with existing knights and dames not being affected by the change. In the period 1976–1983, twelve knights and two dames were created, all but one of whom, (Prince Charles), are now deceased.

On 19 March 2014, Prime Minister Tony Abbott advised the Queen to reinstate the level of knight/dame and the Queen co-signed letters patent to bring this into effect. The change was publicly announced on 25 March, and gazetted on 17 April 2014.^[22] Up to four knights and/or dames could be appointed each year, by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia after consultation with the Chairman of the Order of Australia Council.^[4][23]

Five awards of knight and dame were then made, to the outgoing Governor-General, Quentin Bryce; her successor, Peter Cosgrove; a recent Chief of the Defence Force, Angus Houston; a recent Governor of New South Wales, Marie Bashir; and Prince Philip.

The Australian Labor Party continued to oppose knighthoods and damehoods. Leader of the opposition Bill Shorten stated in March 2014 that the party would again discontinue the level if it were to win the next Australian federal election.^[24]

Abbott's tenure as prime minister ended in September 2015 due to a second leadership spill which he lost to republican Malcolm Turnbull. Abbott's declining popularity was in part attributed to the furore that ensued after he bestowed a knighthood on Prince Philip in the Australia Day honours for 2015, which was a major factor in bringing on the first leadership spill two weeks later, which Abbott's leadership survived. Two months after coming into office, on 2 November 2015, Prime Minister Turnbull announced that the Queen had approved his request to amend the Order's letters patent and cease awards at this level, after Cabinet had at his suggestion agreed that the titles were no longer appropriate in the modern awards system.^[25][26] Existing titles would not be affected.^[5] The move was attacked by monarchists^[27] and praised by republicans.^[28][29] The amendments to the constitution of the Order were gazetted on 22 December 2015.^[30]

Current membership

Officials of the order

• Sovereign Head of the Order: Queen of Australia (Elizabeth II)


• 
  Chancellor and Principal Knight: Governor-General of Australia (General Sir Peter Cosgrove AK, MC)


• Secretary: Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia (Mark Fraser LVO, OAM)

Royal members

• 
  HRH The Duke of Edinburgh: Knight (AK)


• 
  HRH The Prince of Wales: Knight (AK)

Charles, Prince of Wales was appointed a Knight of the Order of Australia (AK) on 14 March 1981. As he is the heir to the Australian throne but not an Australian citizen, this would have required the award to be honorary. To overcome this issue, his appointment was created by amendment to the constitution of the Order of Australia by special letters patent signed by the Queen, on the recommendation of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser.^[31]

In March 2014 the knight and dame levels, which had been abolished in 1986 by Prime Minister Bob Hawke, were reintroduced to the Order of Australia by Tony Abbott. At the same time, Abbott announced that future appointments at this level would be recommended by the prime minister alone, rather than by the Council of the Order of Australia, as is the case with all lower levels of the order. In accordance with the statutes of 2014, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was created a Knight of the Order by letters patent signed by the Queen on 7 January 2015, on Abbott's advice.^[32] Prince Philip's knighthood was announced as part of the Australia Day Honours on 26 January 2015 and his appointment attracted considerable criticism of what Abbott described as his "captain's call". Abbott responded by announcing that future recommendations for appointments as Knights and Dames of the Order would be determined by the Council of the Order of Australia.

Honorary awards

Awards of the Order of Australia are sometimes made to people who are not citizens of Australia to honour extraordinary achievements. These achievements, or the people themselves, are not necessarily associated with Australia, although they often are. On 11 July 2010, the Australian Honours website listed appointments for 34 Honorary Companions, 67 Honorary Officers, 86 Honorary Members of the Order of Australia and the award of 88 Honorary Medals of the Order of Australia.^[33] Notable honorary awards include:

• 
  Honorary Companion
  
  • All Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia are notable – see List of Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia
    
    • See also: Category:Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia
      


• 
  Honorary Officer
  
  • 
    Ali Alatas, Mel Gibson, Maina Gielgud, Hiroyuki Iwaki, Clive Lloyd, Lord Morris of Manchester, U.S. General David Petraeus,^[34][35] Admiral Harry Harris, Jerzy Toeplitz, Edo de Waart, Malcolm Williamson, Googie Withers and James Wolfensohn
    
    • 
      Fred Hollows, then a New Zealand citizen, was offered an honorary Officership in 1985, but declined the award; he became an Australian citizen in 1989, and in 1991 was appointed a substantive Companion of the Order
    
    
    • 
      Romaldo Giurgola was appointed an honorary Officer in 1989; this became a substantive award in 2000 when he adopted Australian citizenship
    
    
    • See also: Category:Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia
      
    
    


• 
  Honorary Member
  
  • 
    Harriet Mayor Fulbright, Lord Harewood, Brian Lara, Sachin Tendulkar and Robyn Williams.
    
    • 
      Terri Irwin was appointed an Honorary Member in 2006; this became a substantive award when she became an Australian citizen in 2009
    
    
    • See also Category:Honorary Members of the Order of Australia
      
    
    

Sociology of recipients of highest levels

In December 2010, The Age reported a study of the educational backgrounds of all people who had received Knight/Dame and Companion level awards at that time. It reported: "An analysis of the 435 people who have received the nation's top Order of Australia honours since they were first awarded in 1975, shows they disproportionately attended a handful of elite Victorian secondary schools. Scotch College alumni received the highest number of awards, with 19 former students receiving Australia's [then] highest honour".^[36][37]

Lists of recipients in categories

Order of Australia Association

On 26 January 1980 the order's award recipients formed the Order of Australia Association. This organisation seeks to aid the members of the order in their pursuits related to the development and maintenance of Australia's culture and traditions. The organisation also attempts to increase awareness of those honoured by the order, since many of their number are not household names, despite their contributions. Branches of the association can be found in all the states and territories of Australia.

Precedence

"Imperial" honours awarded after 5 October 1992 have been classed as "Foreign awards", and hence have lower precedence than all Australian awards.
(Note, however, that the (original/imperial/British) Victoria Cross, and awards of the monarch, have retained their position in the order of precedence, even if awarded after 5 October 1992.)

References in popular culture

The award is parodied in the play Amigos, where the central character is determined to be awarded the AC, and uses persuasion, bribery and blackmail in his (ultimately successful) attempts to get himself nominated for the award.^[38]

During the 1996 season of the popular television programme Home and Away, the character Pippa Ross was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia for her years of service as a foster carer.

See also

• Australian campaign medals


• Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia


• Australian Honours Order of Precedence


• 
  Australian knights and dames
  
  • Living Australian knights and dames


• Commonwealth realms orders and decorations


• Order of Canada


• Order of New Zealand


• Order of the British Empire

References

External links

Look up Order of Australia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Order of Australia.

• 
  Office of the Official Secretary to the Governor-General (2014). Order of Australia (PDF). Canberra: Government House.
  


• Australian Honours Secretariat


• 
  Order of Australia including list of the Order, its history and its "Constitution" (statutes).


• Order of Australia Association


• Medals of the World – Australia: The Order of Australia
  
  • Insignia of the Sovereign, and of Knights and Dames
  
  
  • General Division
  
  
  • Military Division