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The Right Honourable The Lord Playfair GCB PC FRS FRSE
Postmaster General
In office 18 November 1873 – 17 February 1874
Monarch	Queen Victoria
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	William Monsell
Succeeded by	Lord John Manners
Chairman of Ways and Means
In office 1880–1883
Monarch	Queen Victoria
Preceded by	Henry Cecil Raikes
Succeeded by	Sir Arthur Otway, Bt
Vice-President of the Committee on Education
In office 13 February 1886 – 20 July 1886
Monarch	Queen Victoria
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	Sir Henry Holland, Bt
Succeeded by	Sir Henry Holland, Bt
Personal details
Born	(1818-05-01)1 May 1818 Chunar, Bengal, British India
Died	29 May 1898(1898-05-29) (aged 80) South Kensington, London
Nationality	Scottish
Political party	Liberal
Spouse(s)	Margaret Oakes (d. 1855) Jean Millington (d. 1877) Edith Russell (d. 1932)
Relations	William Smoult Playfair (brother) Robert Lambert Playfair (brother)
Alma mater	University of St Andrews University of Edinburgh

Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair GCB PC FRS (1 May 1818 – 29 May 1898) was a British scientist and Liberal politician.

Early life

Playfair was born at Chunar, Bengal, the son of George Playfair (1782-1846), Inspector General of Hospitals in that region, and Janet Ross (1795-1862), daughter of John Ross.^[1] The family was fairly middle class with strong academic roots in University of St Andrews (his grandfather being Rev Prof James Playfair). All of Playfair's siblings were sent back to Scotland to avoid the hazards of an Indian upbringing.^[1] Playfair was named after his uncle, Sir Hugh Lyon Playfair, and was educated at the University of St Andrews, the Andersonian Institute in Glasgow, and the University of Edinburgh. After going to Calcutta at the end of 1837, he became private laboratory assistant to Thomas Graham at University College, London, and in 1839 went to work under Justus Liebig at the University of Giessen.

Early career

After returning to Britain, Playfair became manager of a calico works in Primrose, near Clitheroe, and in 1843 was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Manchester Institution, where he was assisted by Robert Angus Smith. Two years later, he was made chemist to the Geological Survey, and subsequently became Professor in the new School of Mines. In 1848, he was elected to the Royal Society, and three years later was made Special Commissioner and a member of the executive committee of the Great Exhibition.

Appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath that same year, Playfair also became Gentleman Usher to Prince Albert, and in 1853 was appointed Secretary of the Department of Science, in which capacity he advocated the use of poison gas against the Russians in the Crimean War. In 1855, he was a commissioner of the Exposition Universelle, and two years later became President of the Chemical Society, finally returning to Edinburgh University in 1858 as Professor of Chemistry there. In 1859 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being James David Forbes. He served as the Society's Vice President from 1864 to 1870.^[2]

Political career

In 1868, Playfair was elected Liberal Member of Parliament for the Universities of Edinburgh and St Andrews, being sworn of the Privy Council^[3] and made Postmaster General in Gladstone's government in 1873. The Liberals lost power in early 1874 but on their return to office in 1880, Playfair was appointed Chairman of Ways and Means and Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons, holding these posts until 1883, when he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. He was subsequently President of the British Association in 1885. In February 1886 he returned to the government as Vice-President of the Committee on Education under Gladstone, a post he held until the government fell in July of the same year. He was made a member of the Council of the Duchy of Cornwall in 1889.

Having represented Leeds South since 1885, Playfair left the House of Commons in 1892 and was ennobled as Baron Playfair, of St Andrews in the County of Fife.^[4] He served as a Lord in Waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) under Gladstone and then Lord Rosebery between 1892 and 1895. He was further honoured when he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1895 and awarded the Harben Gold Medal from the Royal Institute of Public Health in 1897. Playfair is also remembered for promoting a new cipher system invented by Charles Wheatstone, now known as the Playfair cipher.

Later life

The grave of Lyon Playfair, East Cemetery, St Andrews

Lord Playfair died at his home at Onslow Gardens in South Kensington, London, in May 1898, aged 80. His body was returned to Scotland, where he was buried in the Eastern Cemetery, St Andrews, towards the north-east corner. He was succeeded in the barony by his son from his first marriage, George James Playfair (1849-1939) who is buried with him.^[5]

A memorial fountain was erected to Playfair in St Andrews in 1899, to a design by Robert Lorimer.^[6]

Family

Edith, Lady Playfair (née Russell), John Singer Sargent, 1884

His brother William Smoult Playfair was a well known obstetrician, and brother Sir Lambert Playfair was a soldier and diplomat.

Playfair married three times. He firstly married Margaret Eliza Oakes, daughter of James Oakes, in 1846. After her death in August 1855 he married Jean Ann Millington, daughter of Crawley Millington, in 1857. There were children from both marriages. Jean Ann died in 1877 and is buried in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh facing the section known as "Lords Row". After her death, he married Edith Russell of Boston, whose 1884 portrait is in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.^[7]

References

• 
  Memoirs and Correspondence of Lyon Playfair by Wemyss Reid, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1899


• 
  Obituary of Lyon Playfair in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, volume LXIV, 1899 (pages ix – xi, near the end of the volume)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron Playfair.

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Lyon Playfair
  


• 
   Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Playfair, Lyon Playfair, 1st Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 831.