Baden-Württemberg



State of Germany in Germany

































Baden-Württemberg
State of Germany



Flag of Baden-Württemberg
Flag

Coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg
Coat of arms
Deutschland Lage von Baden-Württemberg.svg
Coordinates: 48°32′16″N 9°2′28″E / 48.53778°N 9.04111°E / 48.53778; 9.04111
CountryGermany
CapitalStuttgart
Government
 • BodyLandtag of Baden-Württemberg
 • Minister-President

Winfried Kretschmann (Greens)
 • Governing parties
Greens / CDU
 • Bundesrat votes
6 (of 69)
Area[1]
 • Total35,751.46 km2 (13,803.72 sq mi)
Population (2017-12-31)[2]
 • Total11,023,424
 • Density310/km2 (800/sq mi)
Time zone
UTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeDE-BW
GDP (nominal)€477/ $561 billion (2016)[3]
GDP per capita€42,000/ $49,400 (2015)
NUTS RegionDE1
Websitewww.baden-wuerttemberg.de


A campaign sticker, translated, "We can [do] anything. Except [speak] Standard German." This is an allusion to Baden-Württemberg being one of the principal centres for innovation in Germany and having its own distinctive dialects of Alemannic German.


Baden-Württemberg (/ˌbɑːdən ˈvɜːrtəmbɜːrɡ/;[4]German: [ˌbaːdn̩ ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk] (About this soundlisten)) is a state in southwest Germany, east of the Rhine, which forms the border with France. It is Germany’s third-largest state, with an area of 35,751 km2 (13,804 sq mi) and 10.8 million inhabitants.[5] The state capital and largest city is Stuttgart.


The sobriquet Ländle ("small land" in the local Swabian and Alemannic German dialects) is sometimes used as a synonym for Baden-Württemberg.[6][7]




Contents





  • 1 History

    • 1.1 20th century to present



  • 2 Geography


  • 3 Government

    • 3.1 Administration


    • 3.2 Politics


    • 3.3 2016 state election

      • 3.3.1 Other state institutions




  • 4 Economy

    • 4.1 Tourism


    • 4.2 Companies owned by Baden-Württemberg



  • 5 Education


  • 6 Dialects


  • 7 Demographics

    • 7.1 Vital statistics


    • 7.2 Religion


    • 7.3 Foreigners



  • 8 See also


  • 9 Footnotes


  • 10 References


  • 11 External links




History



Baden-Württemberg is formed from the historical territories of Baden, Prussian Hohenzollern, and Württemberg, and also parts of Swabia.[8]


In 100 AD, the Roman Empire invaded and occupied Württemberg, constructing a limes (fortified boundary zone) along its northern borders. Over the course of the third century AD, the Alemanni forced the Romans to retreat west beyond the Rhine and Danube rivers. In 496 AD the Alemanni were defeated by a Frankish invasion led by Clovis I.


The Holy Roman Empire was later established. The majority of people in this region continued to be Roman Catholics, even after the Protestant Reformation influenced populations in northern Germany. In the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, numerous people emigrated from this mostly rural area to the United States for economic reasons.



20th century to present


After World War II, the Allies established three federal states in the territory of modern-day Baden-Württemberg: Württemberg-Hohenzollern, Baden, and Württemberg-Baden. Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern were occupied by France, while Württemberg-Baden was occupied by the United States. In 1949, each state became a founding member of the Federal Republic of Germany, with Article 118 of the German constitution providing an accession procedure. On 16 December 1951, Württemberg-Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern and Baden voted via referendum in favor of a joint merger.[5] Baden-Württemberg officially became a state in Germany on 25 April 1952.[5]



Geography


Baden-Württemberg shares borders with the German states of Rhineland Palatinate, Hessen, and Bavaria, France (region of Grand Est), and Switzerland (cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Aargau, Zürich, Schaffhausen and Thurgau).[5]


Most of the major cities of Baden-Württemberg straddle the banks of the Neckar River, which runs downstream (from southwest to the center, then northwest) through the state past Tübingen, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, and Mannheim.


The Rhine (German: Rhein) forms the western border as well as large portions of the southern border. The Black Forest (Schwarzwald), the main mountain range of the state, rises east of the Upper Rhine valley. The high plateau of the Swabian Alb, between the Neckar, the Black Forest, and the Danube, is an important European watershed. Baden-Württemberg shares Lake Constance (Bodensee, also known regionally as the Swabian Sea) with Switzerland, Austria and Bavaria, the international borders within its waters not being clearly defined. It shares the foothills of the Alps (known as the Allgäu) with Bavaria and the Austrian Vorarlberg, but Baden-Württemberg does not border Austria over land.


The Danube River (Donau) has its source in Baden-Württemberg near the town of Donaueschingen, in a place called Furtwangen in the Black Forest. Täfelberg is a mountain located in the Northern Black Forest and is 565.2 m above sea level.



Government



Administration





Stuttgart





Karlsruhe





Heidelberg





Freiburg





Mannheim





Ulm





Baden-Baden


Baden-Württemberg is divided into thirty-five districts (Landkreise) and nine independent cities (Stadtkreise), both grouped into the four Administrative Districts (Regierungsbezirke) of Freiburg, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, and Tübingen.


Cities and Districts in Baden-Wuerttemberg.svg
Map





  1. Alb-Donau

  2. Biberach

  3. Bodensee

  4. Böblingen

  5. Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald

  6. Calw


  7. Konstanz (Constance)

  8. Emmendingen

  9. Enzkreis

  10. Esslingen

  11. Freudenstadt

  12. Göppingen

  13. Heidenheim

  14. Heilbronn

  15. Hohenlohe

  16. Karlsruhe

  17. Lörrach

  18. Ludwigsburg


  1. Main-Tauber

  2. Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis

  3. Ortenaukreis

  4. Ostalbkreis

  5. Rastatt

  6. Ravensburg

  7. Rems-Murr-Kreis

  8. Reutlingen

  9. Rhein-Neckar-Kreis

  10. Rottweil

  11. Schwäbisch Hall

  12. Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis

  13. Sigmaringen

  14. Tübingen

  15. Tuttlingen

  16. Waldshut

  17. Zollernalbkreis

Baden-Württemberg contains nine additional independent cities not belonging to any district:






























































CodeCity
(stadtkreise)
Area (km2)Population
1997
Population
2007
Region
(regierungs-
bezirk
)
ABaden-Baden140.1852,67254,853Karlsruhe
BFreiburg im Breisgau153.06200,519219,430Freiburg
CHeidelberg108.83139,941145,311Karlsruhe
DHeilbronn99.88120,987121,627Stuttgart
EKarlsruhe173.46276,571288,917Karlsruhe
FMannheim144.96310,475309,795Karlsruhe
GPforzheim98.02118,079119,423Karlsruhe
HStuttgart207.35585,274597,176Stuttgart
IUlm118.69115,628121,434Tübingen


Politics



The state parliament of Baden-Württemberg is the Landtag (Eng. state assembly).


The politics of Baden-Württemberg have traditionally been dominated by the conservative Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), who until 2011 had led all but one government since the establishment of the state in 1952. In the Landtag elections held on 27 March 2011 voters replaced the Christian Democrats and centre-right Free Democrats coalition by a Greens-led alliance with the Social Democrats which secured a four-seat majority in the state parliament.


From 1992 to 2001, the Republicans party held seats in the Landtag.[9]



2016 state election














































































































e • d Summary of the 13 March 2016 Landtag of Baden-Württemberg elections results
< 2011  Flag of Baden-Württemberg.svg  Next >
Party
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
+/–
Seats
+/–


Alliance '90/The Greens
Bündnis 90/Die Grünen
1,622,63130.3
Increase6.1
47
Increase11


Christian Democratic Union
Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands – CDU
1,447,24927.0
Decrease12.0
42
Decrease18


Alternative for Germany
Alternative für Deutschland – AfD
809,31115.1
Increase15.1
23
Increase23


Social Democratic Party
Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands – SPD
679,87212.7
Decrease10.4
19
Decrease16


Free Democratic Party
Freie Demokratische Partei – FDP
445,4308.3
Increase3.0
12
Increase5


Left Party
Die Linke
156,2112.9
Increase0.1
0


Alliance for Progress and Renewal
Allianz für Fortschritt und Aufbruch – ALFA
54,7641.0
Increase1.0
0


Ecological Democratic Party
Ökologisch-Demokratische Partei – ÖDP
38,5090.7
Decrease0.2
0


National Democratic Party
Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands – NPD
23,6050.4
Decrease0.6
0


Pirate Party
Piratenpartei
21,7730.4
Decrease0.6
0
Other parties

Valid votes

5,360,351

99.0

Increase0.4

Invalid votes
51,950
1.0

Decrease0.4

Totals and voter turnout

5,412,301

70.4

Increase4.2

143

Increase5

Electorate

7,685,778

100.00



Source: Landeswahlleiter[10][11]


Other state institutions


The Baden-Württemberg General Auditing Office acts as an independent body to monitor the correct use of public funds by public offices.[12]



Economy





SAP headquarters in Walldorf


Although Baden-Württemberg has relatively few natural resources compared to other regions of Germany,[5] the state is among the most prosperous[8] and wealthiest regions in Europe with a generally low unemployment rate historically. A number of well-known enterprises are headquartered in the state, for example Daimler AG, Porsche, Robert Bosch GmbH (automobile industry), Carl Zeiss AG (optics), SAP SE (largest software enterprise in Europe) and Heidelberger Druckmaschinen (precision mechanical engineering). In spite of this, Baden-Württemberg's economy is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. Although poor in workable natural resources (formerly lead, zinc, iron, silver, copper, and salts) and still rural in many areas, the region is heavily industrialised. In 2003, there were almost 8,800 manufacturing enterprises with more than 20 employees, but only 384 with more than 500. The latter category accounts for 43% of the 1.2 million persons employed in industry. The Mittelstand or mid-sized company is the backbone of the Baden-Württemberg economy.[13] Medium-sized businesses and a tradition of branching out into different industrial sectors have ensured specialization over a wide range. A fifth of the "old" Federal Republic's industrial gross value added is generated by Baden-Württemberg. Turnover for manufacturing in 2003 exceeded 240,000 million, 43% of which came from exports. The region depends to some extent on global economic developments, though the great adaptability of the region's economy has generally helped it through crises. Half of the employees in the manufacturing industry are in mechanical and electrical engineering and automobile construction. This is also where the largest enterprises are to be found. The importance of the precision mechanics industry also extends beyond the region's borders, as does that of the optical, clock making, toy, metallurgy and electronics industries. The textile industry, which formerly dominated much of the region, has now all but disappeared from Baden-Württemberg. Research and development (R&D) is funded jointly by the State and industry. In 2001, more than a fifth of the 100,000 or so persons working in R&D in Germany were located in Baden-Württemberg, most of them in the Stuttgart area.[14] Baden-Württemberg is also one of the Four Motors for Europe.


A study performed in 2007 by the PR campaign "Initiative for New Social Market Economy" (German: Initiative Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft (INSM)) and the trade newspaper "Wirtschaftswoche" awarded Baden-Württemberg for being the "economically most successful and most dynamic state" among the 16 states.


The unemployment rate stood at 3% in October 2018 and was the second lowest in Germany behind only Bavaria and one of the lowest in the European Union.[15]








































Year[16]2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Unemployment rate in %
5.4
4.9
5.4
6.2
6.2
7.0
6.3
4.9
4.1
5.1
4.9
4.0
3.9
4.1
4.0
3.8
3.8
3.5


Tourism




The Black Forest seen from the Belchen


Baden-Württemberg is a popular holiday destination. Main sights include the capital and biggest city, Stuttgart, modern and historic at the same time, with its urban architecture and atmosphere (and famously, its inner city parks and historic Wilhelma zoo), its castles (such as Castle Solitude), its (car and art) museums as well as a rich cultural programme (theatre, opera) and mineral spring baths in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt (also the site of a Roman Castra); it is the only major city in Germany with vineyards in an urban territory.


The residential (court) towns of Ludwigsburg and Karlsruhe, the spas and casino of luxurious Baden-Baden, the medieval architecture of Ulm (Ulm Münster is the tallest church in the world), the vibrant, young, but traditional university towns of Heidelberg and Tübingen with their old castles looking out above the river Neckar, are popular smaller towns. Sites of former monasteries such as the ones on Reichenau Island and at Maulbronn (both World Heritage Sites) as well as Bebenhausen Abbey are to be found. Baden-Württemberg also boasts rich old Free Imperial Cities such as Biberach, Esslingen am Neckar, Heilbronn, Ravensburg, Reutlingen, and Schwäbisch Hall, as well as the southernmost and sunniest city of Germany, Freiburg, close to Alsace and Switzerland, being an ideal base for exploring the heights of the nearby Black Forest (e.g., for skiing in winter or for hiking in summer) with its traditional villages and the surrounding wine country of the Rhine Valley of South Baden.[8]


The countryside of the lush Upper Neckar valley (where Rottweil is famous for its carnival (Fastnacht)) and the pristine Danube valley Swabian Alb (with Hohenzollern Castle and Sigmaringen Castle), as well as the largely pristine Swabian Forest, the Upper Rhine Valley, and Lake Constance (German: Bodensee), where all kinds of water sports are popular, with the former Imperial, today border town of Konstanz (where the Council of Constance took place), the Neolithic and Bronze Age village at Unteruhldingen, the flower island of Mainau, and the hometown of the Zeppelin, Friedrichshafen a.o., are especially popular for outdoor activities in the summer months.[8]


In spring and autumn (April/May and September/October), beer festivals (fun fairs) take place at the Cannstatter Wasen in Stuttgart. The Cannstatter Volksfest, in the autumn, is the second largest such festival in the world after the Munich Oktoberfest. In late November and early December Christmas markets are a tourist magnet in all major towns, with the largest being in Stuttgart during the three weeks prior to Christmas.


The Bertha Benz Memorial Route is a 194 km signposted scenic route from Mannheim via Heidelberg and Wiesloch to Pforzheim and back, which follows the route of the world's first long-distance journey by automobile which Bertha Benz undertook in August 1888.



Companies owned by Baden-Württemberg














CompanyIndustryPercentage ownedSource
EnBWEnergy industry45%[17]
Badische Staatsbrauerei RothausBeverage industry100%


Education




The University Library Freiburg was reopened in 2015.




University of Karlsruhe, since 2009: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology


Baden-Württemberg is home to some of the oldest, most renowned, and prestigious universities in Germany, such as the universities of Heidelberg (founded in 1386, the oldest university within the territory of modern Germany), Freiburg (founded in 1457), and Tübingen (founded in 1477). It also contains three of the eleven German 'excellence universities' (Heidelberg, Tübingen, and Konstanz and formerly, Freiburg and Karlsruhe).


Other university towns are Mannheim and Ulm. Furthermore, two universities are located in the state capital Stuttgart, the University of Hohenheim, and the University of Stuttgart. Ludwigsburg is home to the renowned national film school Filmakademie Baden-Württemberg (Film Academy Baden-Wuerttemberg). The private International University in Germany was situated in Bruchsal, but closed in 2009. There is still another private university, located in Friedrichshafen, Zeppelin University.


Furthermore, there are more than a dozen Fachhochschulen, i.e., universities of applied sciences, as well as Pädagogische Hochschulen, i.e., teacher training colleges, and other institutions of tertiary education in Baden-Württemberg. (a.o. in Aalen, Biberach an der Riss, Esslingen, Karlsruhe, Ludwigsburg, Nürtingen, Pforzheim, Ravensburg-Weingarten, Reutlingen, several in Stuttgart, Schwäbisch Hall). Pforzheim University is one of the oldest Fachhochschulen in Germany which is renowned and highly ranked for its Engineering and MBA programs.


The state has the highest density of academic institutions of any territorial state (i.e., excluding the city states of Berlin and Hamburg) in Germany.



Dialects



Two dialect groups of German are spoken in Baden-Württemberg in various variants: Alemannic and Franconian dialects. In central and southern Württemberg, the Alemannic dialect of Swabian is spoken (slightly differing even within the area, e.g., between Upper Swabia, the Swabian Alb, and the central Neckar Valley of the Stuttgart region). In South Baden, the local dialects are Low Alemannic and High Alemannic (i.e., variants of what is also Swiss German). In the northern part of Baden, i.e., the former Kurpfalz (Electorate of the Palatinate) with the former capitals of Heidelberg and Mannheim, the idiom is Rhine Franconian (i.e., Palatinate German), while in the Northeast East Franconian is spoken.


The same or similar Alemannic dialects are also spoken in the neighbouring regions, especially in Bavarian Swabia, Alsace (Alsatian), German-speaking Switzerland (Swiss German), and the Austrian Vorarlberg, while the other Franconian dialects range from the Netherlands over the Rhineland, Lorraine, and Hesse up to northern Bavaria Franconia.


A variant of the Alemannic German of Baden developed into the Colonia Tovar dialect, spoken by descendants of immigrants from Baden who went to Venezuela in 1843.



Demographics


The population of Baden-Württemberg is 10,486,660 (2014), of which 5,354,105 are female and 5,132,555 are male. In 2006, the birth rate of 8.61 per 1000 was almost equal to the death rate of 8.60 per 1000. 14.87 percent of the population was under the age of 15, whereas the proportion of people aged 65 and older was at 18.99 per cent (2008). The dependency ratio - the ratio of people aged under 15 and over 64 in comparison to the working age population (aged 15–64) - was 512 per 1000 (2008).


Baden-Württemberg has long been a preferred destination of immigrants. As of 2013, almost 28% of its population had a migration background as defined by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany; this number clearly surpassed the German average of 21% and was higher than in any other German state with the exception of the city states of Hamburg and Bremen.[18] As of 2014, 9,355,239 of the population held German citizenship, whereas 1,131,421 were foreign nationals.[19]



















































 


Largest cities or towns in Baden-Württemberg
www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de

Rank


Regierungsbezirk
Pop.


Stuttgart
Stuttgart
Mannheim
Mannheim
1StuttgartStuttgart (region)613,392

Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe
Freiburg im Breisgau
Freiburg im Breisgau
2MannheimKarlsruhe (region)314,931
3KarlsruheKarlsruhe (region)297,488
4Freiburg im BreisgauFreiburg (region)229,144
5HeidelbergKarlsruhe (region)149,633
6HeilbronnStuttgart (region)124,257
7UlmTübingen (region)123,672
8PforzheimKarlsruhe (region)120,709
9ReutlingenTübingen (region)112,735
10Esslingen am NeckarStuttgart (region)92,629


Vital statistics


[20]


  • Births from January-March 2017 = Increase 25,454

  • Births from January-March 2018 = Decrease 25,161

  • Deaths from January-March 2017 = Negative increase 31,767

  • Deaths from January-March 2018 = Positive decrease 31,725

  • Natural growth from January-March 2017 = Increase -6,313

  • Natural growth from January-March 2018 = Decrease -6,564


Religion





















Religion in Baden-Württemberg, 2011[21]
religionpercent
Roman Catholics
37%
EKD Protestants
33%
Muslims
6%
Other religions or none
24%


Northern and most of central Württemberg has been traditionally Protestant (particularly Lutheran) since the Reformation in 1534 (with its centre at the famous Tübinger Stift). The former Electorate of the Palatinate (Northwestern Baden) with its capital Heidelberg was shaped by Calvinism before being integrated into Baden. Upper Swabia, and the Upper Neckar Valley up to the bishop seat of Rottenburg, and Southern Baden (the Catholic archbishop has its seat in Freiburg) have traditionally been bastions of Roman Catholicism.



Foreigners


Largest communities of foreigners are listed below : (by 31.12.2017)













































 Turkey
257,310

 Italy
182,185

 Romania
131,000

 Croatia
109,500

 Poland
84,340

 Greece
81,150

 Syria
73,705

 Kosovo
55,235

 Hungary
50,025

 Serbia
41,445

 Bulgaria
38,035

 Bosnia-Herzegovina
37,125

 Iraq
29,905

 France
29,880

 Russia
29,860

 Portugal
29,515

 Austria
27,045

 Spain
25,195

 Afghanistan
23,215

 China
21,465


See also



  • Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg

  • List of places in Baden-Württemberg

  • Four Motors of Europe

  • History of Baden-Württemberg

  • Württemberg

  • Coat of arms of Württemberg

  • County of Württemberg

  • Duchy of Württemberg

  • Electorate of Württemberg

  • Kingdom of Württemberg

  • Baden
  • Coat of arms of Baden


  • Margraviate of Baden, for the 16th-18th century state


  • Electorate of Baden, for the Napoleonic state


  • Grand Duchy of Baden, for the state that existed from 1808–1918


  • Republic of Baden, for the state that existed from 1918–1945


  • Rulers of Baden, for a list of sovereigns and presidents


Footnotes




  1. ^ ab "The State and its people". Baden-Württemberg. Retrieved 18 December 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ "Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht am 31. Dezember 2017". Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg (in German). 2018.


  3. ^ Baden-Württemberg, Statistisches Landesamt. "Bruttoinlandsprodukt – in jeweiligen Preisen – in Deutschland 1991 bis 2016 nach Bundesländern (WZ 2008) – VGR dL". www.vgrdl.de.


  4. ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter, eds., English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)


  5. ^ abcde "Our State". Baden-Württemberg. Retrieved 18 December 2016.


  6. ^ "man-English Dictionary: ["little country"; local nickname for the state of Baden Wuerttemberg]". dict.cc. Retrieved 29 January 2015.


  7. ^ "Baden-Württemberg: Kein schöner Ländle". ZEIT MAGAZIN. Retrieved 21 February 2017.


  8. ^ abcd Andrea Schulte-Peevers; Anthony Haywood; Sarah Johnstone; Jeremy Gray; Daniel Robinson (2007). Germany. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-988-7. Retrieved 1 February 2009.


  9. ^ The Republikaner(REP): 15 from 146 MPs in 1992 and 14 from 155 MPs in 1996. "Baden-Württemberg. Results of the election from 1964–2011". Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011.


  10. ^ "Landtagswahl 2016 - Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg". statistik-bw.de.


  11. ^ tagesschau.de. "tagesschau.de". wahl.tagesschau.de.


  12. ^ "Government and organs of state". Baden-Württemberg. Retrieved 30 March 2011.


  13. ^ Cooke, p. 84


  14. ^ "BADEN – WÜRTTEMBERG – Economy". Eurostat. June 2004. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2009.


  15. ^ "Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista". Statista (in German). Retrieved 2018-11-13.


  16. ^ (Destatis),, © Statistisches Bundesamt (2018-11-13). "Federal Statistical Office Germany - GENESIS-Online". www-genesis.destatis.de. Retrieved 2018-11-13.


  17. ^ Haase, Nina (30 March 2011). "Business leaders wary of Greens' state election victory". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 30 March 2011.


  18. ^ "Bevölkerung 2013 nach Migrationshintergrund und Ländern". Statistisches Bundesamt. Retrieved 29 July 2015.


  19. ^ "Government and organs of state". Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. Retrieved 14 April 2014.


  20. ^ "Gebiet und Bevölkerung". Statistik Portal. Retrieved 7 August 2018.


  21. ^ "Religionszugehörigkeit nach Bundesländern in Deutschland - Statista". Statista.



References


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  • Philip Cooke, Kevin Morgan (1998). The Associational Economy: Firms, Regions, and Innovation. Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-829659-1.


  • Climate change in Baden-Württemberg: facts – impacts – perspectives / LUBW; Baden-Württemberg, Ministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Verkehr. [In collab. with Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research; Süddeutsches Klimabüro. Transl.: InTra eG Fachübersetzergenossenschaft], Stuttgart: Baden-Württemberg Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Transport Karlsruhe: LUBW, 2010.



External links






  • Official website


  • Baden-Württemberg at Curlie


  • Geographic data related to Baden-Württemberg at OpenStreetMap











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