Presidential election results map. Blue denotes those won by Cleveland/Hendricks, red denotes states won by Blaine/Logan. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election Chester A. Arthur
Elected President Grover Cleveland
The United States presidential election of 1884 was the 25th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1884. It saw the first election of a Democrat as President of the United States since the 1856. Governor Grover Cleveland of New York defeated Republican James G. Blaine of Maine.
Cleveland won the presidential nomination on the second ballot of the 1884 Democratic National Convention. President Chester A. Arthur had acceded to the presidency in 1881 following the assassination of James A. Garfield, but he was unsuccessful in his bid for nomination to a full term. Blaine, who had served as Secretary of State under President Garfield, defeated Arthur and other candidates on the fourth ballot of the 1884 Republican National Convention. A group of reformist Republicans known as "Mugwumps" abandoned Blaine's candidacy, viewing him as corrupt. The campaign was marred by exceptional political acrimony and personal invective. Blaine's reputation for public corruption and his inadvertent alienation of Catholic voters proved decisive.
In the election, Cleveland won 48.9% of the nationwide popular vote and 219 electoral votes, carrying the Solid South and several key swing states. Blaine won 48.3% of the popular vote and 182 electoral votes. Cleveland won his home state by just 1,047 votes; had he lost New York, he would have lost the election. Two third-party candidates, John St. John of the Prohibition Party and Benjamin Butler of the Greenback Party and the Anti-Monopoly Party, each won less than 2% of the popular vote.
Contents 1 Nominations 1.1 Republican Party nomination 1.2 Democratic Party nomination 1.3 Other parties and candidates 1.3.1 Anti-Monopoly Party nomination 1.3.2 Greenback Party nomination 1.3.3 American Prohibition Party nomination 1.3.4 Prohibition Party nomination 1.3.5 Equal Rights Party nomination 2 General election 2.1 Campaign 2.2 Results 2.3 Geography of results 2.3.1 Cartographic gallery 2.4 Results by state 2.5 Close states 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 External links Nominations Republican Party nomination Main article: 1884 Republican National Convention
Republican Party Ticket, 1884 James G. Blaine John A. Logan for President for Vice President (1869–1875) (1871–1877 & 1879–1886) Campaign
The 1884 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois, on June 3–6, with former Speaker of the House James G. Blaine from Maine, President Arthur, and Senator George F. Edmunds from Vermont as the frontrunners. Though he was still popular, Arthur did not make a serious bid for a full-term nomination, knowing that his increasing health problems meant he would probably not survive a second term (he ultimately died in November 1886). Blaine led on the first ballot, with Arthur second, and Edmunds third. This order did not change on successive ballots as Blaine increased his lead, and he won a majority on the fourth ballot. After nominating Blaine, the convention chose Senator John A. Logan from Illinois as the vice-presidential nominee. Blaine remains the only Presidential nominee ever to come from Maine.[2]
Famed Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman was considered a possible Republican candidate, but ruled himself out with what has become known as the Sherman pledge: "If drafted, I will not run; if nominated, I will not accept; if elected, I will not serve." Robert Todd Lincoln, Secretary of War of the United States, and son of the past President Abraham Lincoln, was also strongly courted by politicians and the media of the day to seek the presidential or vice-presidential nomination. Lincoln however was as averse to the nomination as Sherman was.
Democratic Party nomination Main article: 1884 Democratic National Convention
Democratic Party Ticket, 1884 Grover Cleveland Thomas A. Hendricks for President for Vice President (1883–1885) (1873–1877) Campaign
The Democrats convened in Chicago on July 8–11, 1884, with New York Governor Grover Cleveland as clear frontrunner, the candidate of northern reformers and sound-money men (as opposed to inflationists). Although Tammany Hall bitterly opposed his nomination, the machine represented a minority of the New York delegation. Its only chance to block Cleveland was to break the unit rule, which mandated that the votes of an entire delegation be cast for only one candidate, and this it failed to do. Daniel N. Lockwood from New York placed Cleveland's name in nomination. But this rather lackluster address was eclipsed by the seconding speech of Edward S. Bragg from Wisconsin, who roused the delegates with a memorable slap at Tammany. "They love him, gentlemen," Bragg said of Cleveland, "and they respect him, not only for himself, for his character, for his integrity and judgment and iron will, but they love him most of all for the enemies he has made." As the convention rocked with cheers, Tammany boss John Kelly lunged at the platform, screaming that he welcomed the compliment.
On the first ballot, Cleveland led the field with 392 votes, more than 150 votes short of the nomination. Trailing him were Thomas F. Bayard from Delaware, 170; Allen G. Thurman from Ohio, 88; Samuel J. Randall from Pennsylvania, 78; and Joseph E. McDonald from Indiana, 56; with the rest scattered. Randall then withdrew in Cleveland's favor. This move, together with the Southern bloc scrambling aboard the Cleveland bandwagon, was enough to put him over the top of the second ballot, with 683 votes, to 81.5 for Bayard and 45.5 for Thomas A. Hendricks from Indiana. Hendricks was nominated unanimously for vice-president on the first ballot after John C. Black, William Rosecrans, and George Washington Glick withdrew their names from consideration.[3]
Other parties and candidates Anti-Monopoly Party nomination Anti-Monopoly candidates:
Benjamin F. Butler from Massachusetts
Allen G. Thurman from Ohio
James B. Weaver from Iowa(Declined to be Nominated)
The Anti-Monopoly National Convention assembled in the Hershey Music Hall in Chicago, Illinois. The party had been formed to express opposition to the business practices of the emerging nationwide companies. There were around 200 delegates present from 16 states, but 61 of those delegates had come from Michigan and Illinois.
Alson Streeter was the temporary chairman and John F. Henry was the permanent chairman.
Benjamin F. Butler was nominated for president on the first ballot. Delegates from New York, Washington D.C. and Maryland bolted the convention when it appeared that no discussion of other candidates would be allowed. Allen Thurman and James Weaver were put forward as alternatives to Butler, but Weaver declined, not wishing to run another national campaign for political office, and Thurman's name failed to generate much enthusiasm. Butler, while far from opposed to the nomination, hoped to be nominated by the Democratic or Republican parties, or at least in the case of the former, to influence the party platform into being more favorable to greenbacks. Ultimately however, only the Greenback Party would endorse his candidacy.
The convention chose not to nominate a candidate for vice-president, hoping that other conventions would endorse a similar platform and name a suitable vice-presidential nominee.
Presidential Ballot Ballot 1st Benjamin F. Butler 124 Allen G. Thurman 7 Solon Chase 1
Source: US President – A-M Convention. Our Campaigns . (February 14, 2012).
Greenback Party nomination Greenback candidates:
Benjamin F. Butler from Massachusetts
Jesse Harper from Illinois
The 3rd Greenback Party National Convention assembled in English's Opera House in Indianapolis, Indiana. Delegates from 28 states and the District of Columbia were in attendance. The convention nominated Benjamin F. Butler for president over its Party Chairman Jesse Harper on the first ballot. Absolom M. West was nominated unanimously for vice-president, and subsequently was also endorsed by the Anti-Monopoly Party.
Butler had initially hoped to form a number of fusion slates with the "minority party" in each state, Democratic or Republican, and for his supporters of various parties to come together under a single "People's Party" . Many in the two major parties however, while maybe agreeing with Butler's message and platform, were unwilling to place their support beyond the party line. In a number of places however, Iowa in particular, fusion slates were nominated; essentially, Butler's and Cleveland's votes would both be added together for the total vote of the fusion slate, allowing them to carry the state even if neither were to carry a plurality, with the electoral vote being divided according to the percentage of the vote each party net.
However, even if Fusion were carried out in every state in which it were considered possible (Indiana, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Illinois) , it would not have changed the end result, none of the states flipping from Blaine to Cleveland, with Butler winning a single electoral vote from Indiana.
Presidential Ballot Ballot 1st Benjamin F. Butler 323 Jesse Harper 98 Edward Phelps Allis 2 Solon Chase 2 David Davis 1
Source: US President – G Convention. Our Campaigns . (February 11, 2012).[4]
American Prohibition Party nomination Samuel C. Pomeroy from Kansas(Withdrew Aug 27, 1884) (Endorsed John St. John)
The American Prohibition Party held its national convention in the YMCA building in Chicago, Illinois. There were 150 delegates, including many non-voting delegates. The party sought to merge the reform movements of anti-masonry, prohibition, anti-polygamy, and direct election of the president into a new party. Jonathan Blanchard was a major figure within the party. He traveled throughout northern states in the spring and gave an address entitled "The American Party – Its Principles and Its Claims."
During the convention, the party name was changed from the American Party to the American Prohibition Party. The party had been known as the Anti-Masonic Party in 1880. Many of the delegates at the convention were initially interested in nominating John St. John, the former Governor of Kansas, but it was feared that such a nomination might cost him that of the Prohibition Party, which he was actively seeking. Party leaders met with Samuel C. Pomeroy, a former Senator from the same state who was the convention's runner-up for the nomination, and at Pomeroy's suggestion they agreed to withdraw the ticket from the race should St. John win the Prohibition Party nomination. Nominated alongside Pomeroy was John A. Conant from Connecticut.
John St. John would later unanimously win the Prohibition Party nomination, with Pomeroy and Conant withdrawing from the Presidential Contest and endorsing his candidacy. The New York Times speculated that the endorsement would "give him 40,000 votes" .
[5] [6]
Prohibition Party nomination John St. John from Kansas
The fourth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Lafayette Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There were 505 delegates from 31 states and territories at the convention. The national ticket was nominated unanimously: John St. John for president and William Daniel for vice-president. The straightforward single-issue Prohibition Party platform advocated the criminalization of alcoholic beverages.
Presidential Ballot Ballot 1st John St. John 505
Source: US President – P Convention. Our Campaigns . (February 11, 2012).
Equal Rights Party nomination Belva Ann Lockwood from Washington, D.C.
Dissatisfied with resistance by the men of the major parties to women's suffrage, a small group of women announced the formation in 1884 of the Equal Rights Party.
The Equal Rights Party held its national convention in San Francisco, California on September 20. The convention nominated Belva Ann Lockwood, an attorney in Washington, D.C., for President. Chairman Marietta Stow, the first woman to preside over a national nominating convention, was nominated for vice-president.[7]
Lockwood agreed to be the party's presidential candidate, even though most women in the United States did not yet have the right to vote. She said, "I cannot vote but I can be voted for." She was the first woman to run a full campaign for the office (Victoria Woodhull conducted a more limited campaign in 1872). The Equal Rights Party had no treasury, but Lockwood gave lectures to pay for campaign travel. She received approximately 4,194 votes nationally.[8]
General election Campaign
Campaign poster attacking Cleveland's morals
The issue of personal character was paramount in the 1884 campaign. Blaine had been prevented from getting the Republican presidential nomination during the previous two elections because of the stigma of the "Mulligan letters": in 1876, a Boston bookkeeper named James Mulligan had located some letters showing that Blaine had sold his influence in Congress to various businesses. One such letter ended with the phrase "burn this letter", from which a popular chant of the Democrats arose – "Burn, burn, burn this letter!" In just one deal, he had received $110,150 (over $1.5 million in 2010 dollars) from the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad for securing a federal land grant, among other things. Democrats and anti-Blaine Republicans made unrestrained attacks on his integrity as a result.
This campaign poster purports to show the area of land grants to railroads
Commentator Jeff Jacoby notes that, "Not since George Washington had a candidate for president been so renowned for his rectitude."[9] In July the Republicans found a refutation buried in Cleveland's past. Aided by sermons from a minister named George H. Ball, they charged that Cleveland had fathered an illegitimate child while he was a lawyer in Buffalo. When confronted with the scandal, Cleveland immediately instructed his supporters to "Above all, tell the truth." Cleveland admitted to paying child support in 1874 to Maria Crofts Halpin, the woman who claimed he fathered her child, named Oscar Folsom Cleveland after Cleveland's friend and law partner, but asserted that the child's paternity was uncertain.[10] Shortly before election day, the Republican media published an affidavit from Halpin in which she stated that until she met Cleveland her "life was pure and spotless," and "there is not, and never was, a doubt as to the paternity of our child, and the attempt of Grover Cleveland, or his friends, to couple the name of Oscar Folsom, or any one else, with that boy, for that purpose is simply infamous and false."[11] Republican cartoonists across the land had a field day.[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
Cleveland's campaign decided that candor was the best approach to this scandal: it admitted that Cleveland had formed an "illicit connection" with the mother and that a child had been born and given the Cleveland surname. They also noted that there was no proof that Cleveland was the father, and claimed that, by assuming responsibility and finding a home for the child, he was merely doing his duty. Finally, they showed that the mother had not been forced into an asylum; her whereabouts were unknown. Blaine's supporters condemned Cleveland in the strongest of terms, singing "Ma, Ma, Where's my Pa?"[18] (After Cleveland's victory, Cleveland supporters would respond to the taunt with: "Gone to the White House, Ha, Ha, Ha.") However, the Cleveland campaign's damage control worked well enough and the race remained a tossup through Election Day. The greatest threat to the Republicans came from reformers called "Mugwumps" who were angrier at Blaine's public corruption than at Cleveland's private affairs.[19]
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county. Shades of blue are for Cleveland (Democratic), shades of red are for Blaine (Republican), shades of green are for Butler (Straight Greenback), and shades of yellow are for bolting electors (Whig Republican).
In the final week of the campaign, the Blaine campaign suffered a catastrophe. At a Republican meeting attended by Blaine, a group of New York preachers castigated the Mugwumps. Their spokesman, Reverend Dr. Samuel Burchard, made this fatal statement: "We are Republicans, and don't propose to leave our party and identify ourselves with the party whose antecedents have been rum, Romanism, and rebellion." Blaine did not notice Burchard's anti-Catholic slur, nor did the assembled newspaper reporters, but a Democratic operative did, and Cleveland's campaign managers made sure that it was widely publicized. The statement energized the Irish and Catholic vote in New York City heavily against Blaine, costing him New York state and the election by the narrowest of margins.
In addition to Rev. Dr. Samuel Burchard's statement, it is also believed that John St. John's campaign was responsible for winning Cleveland the election in New York. Since Prohibitionists tended to ally more with Republicans, the Republican Party attempted to convince John St. John to drop out. When they failed, they resorted to slandering him. Because of this, he redoubled his efforts in upstate New York, where Blaine was vulnerable on his prohibition stance, and took votes away from the Republicans.[20]
Results In Burke County, Georgia 897 votes were cast for bolting "Whig Republican" electors for president (they were not counted for Blaine).[21]
Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Grover Cleveland 4,914,482 48.85% 219 Thomas A. Hendricks 219 James G. Blaine 4,856,903 48.28% 182 John A. Logan 182 John St. John 147,482 1.50% 0 William Daniel 0 Benjamin Franklin Butler 134,294 1.33% 0 Absolom M. West 0 Other 3,576 0.04% — Other — Total 10,049,754 100% 401 401 Needed to win 201 201
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. "1884 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 27, 2005 . .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em
Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005 .
Popular vote Cleveland
48.85% Blaine
48.28% St. John
1.50% Butler
1.33% Others
0.04%
Electoral vote Cleveland
54.61% Blaine
45.39%
Geography of results Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
Cartographic gallery Map of presidential election results by county
Map of Democratic presidential election results by county
Map of Republican presidential election results by county
Map of "other" presidential election results by county
Results by state Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.[22]
States won by Cleveland/Hendricks States won by Blaine/Logan
Grover Cleveland James Blaine John St. John Benjamin Butler Margin State Total State electoral # % electoral # % electoral # % electoral # % electoral # % # 10 92,736 60.37 10 59,444 38.69 – 610 0.40 – 762 0.50 – 33,292 21.67 153,624 AL 7 72,734 57.83 7 51,198 40.70 – – – – 1,847 1.47 – 21,536 17.12 125,779 AR 8 89,288 45.33 – 102,369 51.97 8 2,965 1.51 – 2,037 1.03 – −13,081 −6.64 196,988 CA 3 27,723 41.68 – 36,084 54.25 3 756 1.14 – 1,956 2.94 – −8,361 −12.57 66,519 CO 6 67,182 48.95 6 65,898 48.01 – 2,493 1.82 – 1,684 1.23 – 1,284 0.94 137,257 CT 3 16,957 56.55 3 12,953 43.20 – 64 0.21 – 10 0.03 – 4,004 13.35 29,984 DE 4 31,769 52.96 4 28,031 46.73 – 72 0.12 – – – – 3,738 6.23 59,990 FL 12 94,667 65.92 12 48,603 33.84 – 195 0.14 – 145 0.10 – 46,064 32.08 143,610 GA 22 312,351 46.43 – 337,469 50.17 22 12,074 1.79 – 10,776 1.60 – −25,118 −3.73 672,670 IL 15 245,005 49.46 15 238,489 48.15 – 3,028 0.61 – 8,810 1.78 – 6,516 1.32 495,332 IN 13 177,316 47.01 – 197,089 52.25 13 1,499 0.40 – – – – −19,773 −5.24 377,201 IA 9 90,132 33.90 – 154,406 58.08 9 4,495 1.69 – 16,346 6.15 – −64,274 −24.18 265,848 KS 13 152,961 55.32 13 118,690 42.93 – 3,139 1.14 – 1,691 0.61 – 34,271 12.40 276,481 KY 8 62,594 57.22 8 46,347 42.37 – 338 0.31 – 120 0.11 – 16,247 14.85 109,399 LA 6 52,153 39.97 – 72,217 55.34 6 2,160 1.66 – 3,955 3.03 – −20,064 −15.38 130,491 ME 8 96,866 52.07 8 85,748 46.10 – 2,827 1.52 – 578 0.31 – 11,118 5.98 186,019 MD 14 122,352 40.33 – 146,724 48.36 14 9,923 3.27 – 24,382 8.04 – −24,372 −8.03 303,383 MA 13 189,361 47.20 – 192,669 48.02 13 18,403 4.59 – 753 0.19 – −3,308 −0.82 401,186 MI 7 70,065 36.87 – 111,685 58.78 7 4,684 2.47 – 3,583 1.89 – −41,620 −21.90 190,017 MN 9 77,653 64.34 9 43,035 35.66 – – – – – – – 34,618 28.68 120,688 MS 16 236,023 53.49 16 203,081 46.02 – 2,164 0.49 – – – – 32,942 7.47 441,268 MO 5 54,391 40.53 – 76,912 57.31 5 2,899 2.16 – – – – −22,521 −16.78 134,202 NE 3 5,578 43.59 – 7,193 56.21 3 – – – 26 0.20 – −1,615 −12.62 12,797 NV 4 39,198 46.34 – 43,254 51.14 4 1,580 1.87 – 554 0.65 – −4,056 −4.80 84,586 NH 9 127,798 48.98 9 123,440 47.31 – 6,159 2.36 – 3,496 1.34 – 4,358 1.67 260,921 NJ 36 563,154 48.25 36 562,005 48.15 – 25,006 2.14 – 17,004 1.46 – 1,149 0.10 1,167,169 NY 11 142,905 53.25 11 125,021 46.59 – 430 0.16 – – – – 17,884 6.66 268,356 NC 23 368,280 46.94 – 400,082 50.99 23 11,069 1.41 – 5,179 0.66 – −31,802 −4.05 784,610 OH 3 24,604 46.70 – 26,860 50.99 3 492 0.93 – 726 1.38 – −2,256 −4.28 52,682 OR 30 392,785 43.46 – 478,804 52.97 30 15,283 1.69 – 16,992 1.88 – −86,019 −9.52 903,864 PA 4 12,391 37.81 – 19,030 58.07 4 928 2.83 – 422 1.29 – −6,639 −20.26 32,771 RI 9 69,845 75.25 9 21,730 23.41 – – – – – – – 48,115 51.84 92,812 SC 12 133,770 51.45 12 124,101 47.74 – 1,150 0.44 – 957 0.37 – 9,669 3.72 259,978 TN 13 225,309 69.26 13 93,141 28.63 – 3,534 1.09 – 3,321 1.02 – 132,168 40.63 325,305 TX 4 17,331 29.18 – 39,514 66.52 4 1,753 2.95 – 785 1.32 – −22,183 −37.34 59,401 VT 12 145,491 51.05 12 139,356 48.90 – 130 0.05 – – – – 6,135 2.15 284,977 VA 6 67,311 50.94 6 63,096 47.75 – 939 0.71 – 799 0.60 – 4,215 3.19 132,145 WV 11 146,453 45.79 – 161,135 50.38 11 7,649 2.39 – 4,598 1.44 – −14,682 −4.59 319,835 WI TOTALS: 401 4,914,482 48.85 219 4,856,903 48.28 182 150,890 1.50 – 134,294 1.33 – 57,579 0.57 10,060,145 US
Close states Margin of victory less than 5% (172 electoral votes):
New York , 0.10% Michigan , 0.82% Connecticut , 0.94% Indiana , 1.32% New Jersey , 1.67% Virginia , 2.15% West Virginia , 3.19% Tennessee , 3.72% Illinois , 3.73% Ohio , 4.05% Oregon , 4.28% Wisconsin , 4.59% New Hampshire , 4.80% Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (104 electoral votes):
Iowa , 5.24% Maryland , 5.98% Florida , 6.23% California , 6.64% North Carolina , 6.66% Missouri , 7.47% Massachusetts , 8.03% Pennsylvania , 9.52% See also
Dance card cover depicting the candidates
American election campaigns in the 19th century History of the United States (1865–1918) First inauguration of Grover Cleveland 1884 United States House of Representatives elections 1884 and 1885 United States Senate elections President of the United States Third Party System ^ "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections". The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara. ^ ‘What States do Presidents Come From?’ ^ William DeGregorio, The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents , Gramercy 1997 ^ "FUSION AND CONFUSION. - View Article - NYTimes.com" (PDF) . New York Times. Retrieved 2014-07-09 . ^ "Ourcampaigns.com". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2014-07-09 . ^ "WITHDRAWS IN FAVOR OF ST. JOHN. - View Article - NYTimes.com" (PDF) . New York Times. Retrieved 2014-07-09 . ^ "Ourcampaigns.com". Ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2014-07-09 . ^ Soden, Suzanne. Belva A. Lockwood Collection [1830–1917] . The College of Saint Rose. February, 1997. http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/sc21041.htm ^ Jeff Jacoby, "'Grover the good' — the most honest president of them all," Boston Globe Feb. 15. 2015 ^ Henry F. Graff (2002). Grover Cleveland: The American Presidents Series: The 22nd and 24th President, 1885–1889 and 1893–1897 . Henry Holt and Company. pp. 61–63. ISBN 9780805069235. ^ Lachman, Charles (2014). A Secret Life . Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 285–288. ^ Glen Jeansonne, "Caricature and Satire in the Presidential Campaign of 1884." Journal of American Culture (1980) 3#2 pp: 238–244. Online ^ "Maria Halpin's Affidavit" (PDF) . Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, NY) . Oct 31, 1884. p. 1. ^ Daily Gazette (Fort Wayne, Indiana) Nov. 1, 1884. p. 5 ^ Topeka Daily Capital (Topeka, Kansas) Nov. 1, 1884. p. 4 ^ "That Scandal". Wichita Daily Eagle (Wichita, Kansas) . Nov 2, 1884. p. 2. Retrieved July 30, 2014 . ^ Cedar Rapids Evening Gazette, (Cedar Rapids, Iowa). October 31, 1884. p. 3 ^ Tugwell, 90 ^ Geoffrey T. Blodgett, "The Mind of the Boston Mugwump." Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1962): 614–634. in JSTOR ^ "HarpWeek | Elections | 1884 Overview". Elections.harpweek.com. Retrieved 2014-07-09 . ^ An American Almanac and Treasury of Facts, Statistical, Financial, and Political, for the year 1886., Ainsworth R. Spofford, https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZcYAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false (pg. 207) ^ "1884 Presidential General Election Data – National". Retrieved May 7, 2013 . References Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History (2015) pp. 74–97. Hirsch, Mark. "Election of 1884," in History of Presidential Elections: Volume III 1848–1896, ed. Arthur Schlesinger and Fred Israel (1971), 3:1578. Josephson, Matthew (1938). The Politicos: 1865–1896 . Keller, Morton (1977). Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America . Kleppner, Paul (1979). The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures . Lynch, G. Patrick "U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century: Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered." Polity 35#1 (2002) pp 29–50. in JSTOR, focus on voting behavior in 1884 Norgren, Jill. Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would be President (2007). online version, focus on 1884 Morgan, H. Wayne (1969). From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 . Rhodes, James Ford (1920). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt-Taft Administration (8 vols.) . Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000) online version HarpWeek , July 26, 2008.Roberts, North (2004). Encyclopedia of Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms . Thomas, Harrison Cook, The return of the Democratic Party to power in 1884 (1919) online Primary sources The Republican Campaign Text Book for 1884 . Republican Congressional Committee. 1882.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election, 1884
Encyclopædia Britannica 1884 popular vote by counties Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion" . Encyclopedia Americana . Election of 1884 in Counting the Votes State results of the 1884 U.S. presidential election
Candidates Grover Cleveland James Blaine John St. John Benjamin Butler Full list General Election timeline Republican Convention Democratic Convention Local Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Other 1884
(1880 ←) 1884 United States presidential election (1888 →)
Republican Party Convention
Nominee VP nominee Candidates Chester A. Arthur George F. Edmunds John A. Logan John Sherman Joseph R. Hawley William T. Sherman Philip Sheridan Robert T. Lincoln
Democratic Party Convention
Nominee VP nominee Candidates Thomas F. Bayard Thomas A. Hendricks Allen G. Thurman Samuel J. Randall Joseph E. McDonald
Nominee VP nominee Candidates Allen G. Thurman James B. Weaver Jesse Harper
Prohibition Party
National Equal Rights Party
Other 1884 elections : HouseSenate
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