Lushootseed
















Lushootseed
Skagit-Nisqually
dxʷləšúcid
Native to
Canada, United States
RegionSouthern British Columbia into Northern Washington
Ethnicity
Duwamish, Snohomish, Suquamish, Sammamish, Snoqualmie, Puyallup, Sahewamish, Stillaguamish, Skagit, Nisqually
Extinctno fully fluent native speakers as of 2008[1] some second-language speakers
Language family

Salishan

  • Coast Salish
    • Central
      • Lushootseed
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
lut – Lushootseed
slh – Southern Puget Sound Salish
ska – Skagit (covered by [lut])
sno – Snohomish (covered by [lut])
Glottolog
lush1251[2]

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Lushootseed (also: xʷəlšucid, dxʷləšúcid, Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish or Skagit-Nisqually) is the language or dialect continuum of several Salish Native American tribes of modern-day Washington state. Lushootseed is one of the Coast Salish languages. The latter is one of two main divisions of the Salishan language family.




Contents





  • 1 Phonology

    • 1.1 Consonants[3][4][5]


    • 1.2 Vowels[5]



  • 2 Related languages and current status


  • 3 Language revitalization


  • 4 Subdivisions


  • 5 Alphabet


  • 6 Some vocabulary


  • 7 References

    • 7.1 Language learning materials



  • 8 External links




Phonology


Lushootseed has a complex consonantal phonology and 4 vowel phonemes. Along with more common voicing and labialization contrasts, Lushootseed has a plain-glottalic contrast, which is realized as laryngealized with sonorants, ejective with voiceless stops or fricatives.



Consonants[3][4][5]




























































Labial

Alveolar

Alveolo-palatal

Velar

Labiovelar

Uvular

Glottal

Stop

p, b

t, d


k, g

,

q,

ʔ

Glottalized stop








kʼʷ

, qʼʷ


Affricate


ts, dz

t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ




Glottalized affricate


tsʼ, tɬʼ

t͡ʃʼ





Fricative


s, ɬ

ʃ




χ, χʷ

h

Approximant


l,

j,


w~ʋ,


On a phonetic level, nasals ([m] [m̴] [n] [n̴]) may appear in some speech styles as replacements for stops at the same place of articulation.[4]



Vowels[5]




















Front

Central

Back

High

ɪ~i

ʉ~u

Mid


ə


Low



ɑ


Related languages and current status


Lushootseed, like its neighbour Twana, is in the Southern Coast Salish subgroup of the Salishan family of languages. The language was spoken by many Puget Sound region peoples, including the Duwamish, Steilacoom, Suquamish, Squaxin Island Tribe, Muckleshoot, Snoqualmie, Nisqually, and Puyallup in the south and the Snohomish, Stillaguamish, Skagit, and Swinomish in the north.




Bust of Chief Seattle with accompanying text in Lushootseed: ti šišəgʷł gʷəl al tiʔəʔəxʷ sgʷaʔčᵉł səxʷəsłałlilčəł siʔał dəgʷi gʷəl liiiiləxʷ dʔiišəd cəłul’ul’ cəł ʔəslax̌ədxʷ ti gʷaalapu


Ethnologue quotes a source published in 1990 (and therefore presumably reflecting the situation in the late 1980s), according to which there were 60 fluent speakers of Lushootseed, evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects.[6] On the other hand, the Ethnologue's list of United States languages also lists, alongside Lushootseed's 60 speakers, 100 speakers for Skagit, 107 for Southern Puget Sound Salish, and 10 for Snohomish (a dialect on the boundary between the northern and southern varieties).[6] Some sources given for these figures, however, go back to the 1970s when the language was less critically endangered. Linguist Marianne Mithun has collected more recent data on the number of speakers of various Native American languages, and could document that by the end of the 1990s there were only a handful of elders left who spoke Lushootseed fluently. The language was extensively documented and studied by linguists with the aid of tribal elder Vi Hilbert, d. 2008, who was the last speaker with a full native command of Lushootseed.[1] There are efforts at reviving the language, and instructional materials have been published.



Language revitalization


As of 2013[update], the Tulalip Tribes' Lushootseed Language Department teaches classes in Lushootseed,[7][8] and its website offers a Lushootseed "phrase of the week" with audio.[9] The Tulalip Montessori School also teaches Lushootseed to young children.[10]


Wa He Lut Indian School teaches Lushootseed to Native elementary school children in their Native Language and Culture program.


As of 2013[update], an annual Lushootseed conference is held at Seattle University.[11] A course in Lushootseed language and literature has been offered at Evergreen State College.[12]
Lushootseed has also been used as a part of environmental history courses at Pacific Lutheran University.[1] It has been spoken during the annual Tribal Canoe Journey (Tribal Journeys) that take place throughout the Salish Sea.


There are also efforts within the Puyallup Tribe. Their website and social media, aimed at anyone interested in learning the language, are updated often.[13]


In the summer of 2016, the first ever adult immersion program in Lushootseed was offered at the University of Washington's Tacoma campus. It was sponsored by The Puyallup Tribal Language Program in partnership with University of Washington Tacoma and its School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences.[14] A similar program will be offered in 2017, with the instructors Danica Sterud Miller, Assistant Professor of American Indian Studies at the University of Washington Tacoma, and Zalmai Zahir, a PhD student of theoretical linguistics at the University of Oregon.[15]



Subdivisions


Lushootseed consists of two dialect groups which can be further divided into subdialects:



  • Northern Lushootseed or Lushootseed (Northern Puget Sound Salish)

    • Snohomish (Sdoh-doh-hohbsh or Sdohobich) (spoke the Sduhubš / Snohomish dialect, a transitional dialect between Northern and Southern Lushootseed; today as part of the Tulalip Tribes of Washington they developed the dxʷləšucid or Tulalip Lushootseed dialect)


    • Stillaguamish (Stoluck-wa-mish River Tribe) (spoke a separate dialect; today many are part of the Tulalip Tribes of Washington and developed the dxʷləšucid or Tulalip Lushootseed dialect)


    • Skagit, Skaǰət-Swinomish or Lower Skagit-Swinomish dialects

      • Lower Skagit (Whidbey Island Skagit) (on Skagit River and on Whidbey Island, subdialect of Skaǰət-Swinomish)


      • Upper Skagit[16] (along upper Skagit River, subdialect of Skaǰət-Swinomish)


      • Swinomish (at the mouth of Skagit Rivers and northern part of Whidbey Island, sometimes considered a Lower Skagit band, subdialect of Skaǰət-Swinomish)

      • Kikiallus (Ki Ki Allus or Kikyalus) (between Lower Skagit and Swinomish lands, sometimes considered a Lower Skagit band, Kikiallus subdialect of Skaǰət-Swinomish)



    • Sauk-Suiattle (Sah-Ku-Me-Hu) (on Sauk River and Suiattle River, Suiʼaẋbixʷ or Sauk-Suiattle dialect)



  • Southern Lushootseed or Whulshootseed / Twulshootseed (Southern Puget Sound Salish)

    • Skykomish (Skai-whamish) (originally considered a subdivision of the Snoqualmies,


    • Snoqualmie (S·dukʷalbixʷ / Sduqwalbixw) (along Tolt River and Snoqualmie River, spoke the Sduqʷalbixʷ or Snoqualmie subdialect, often grouped as Txʷǝlšucid or Twulshootseed local dialect)

    • Steilacoom

    • Suquamish

    • Duwamish


    • Muckleshoot (bǝqǝlšuɫucid) (on Green and White rivers)


    • Puyallup (Spuyaləpabš or S’Puyalupubsh) (lived throughout the river basin of the Puyallup River, at Gig Harbor and Wollochet Bay and on Vashon Island, spoke the Txʷǝlšucid or Twulshootseed local dialect)


    • Nisqually ('Susqually'absh or sq̓ʷaliʼabš)

    • Sahewamish


    • Snohomish (Sdoh-doh-hohbsh) (around the Puget Sound area of Washington, north of Seattle)

    • Squaxin Island Tribe



Alphabet


According to work published by Vi Hilbert and other Lushootseed language specialists, Lushootseed uses a morphophonemic writing system meaning that it is a phonemic alphabet which changes to reflect the pronunciation such as when an affix is introduced. The chart below is based on the Lushootseed Dictionary. Typographic variations such as p' and p̓ do not indicate phonemic distinctions.






























































































































































































LetterLetter NameIPANotes
ʔGlottal stop/ʔ/
a/ɑ/
b/b/
Glottalized b/ɓ/Rare, non-initial
c/t͡s/
Glottalized c/t͡sʼ/
čc-wedge/t͡ʃ/
čʼGlottalized c-wedge/t͡ʃʼ/
d/d/
dᶻd-raised-z/d͡z/
əSchwa/ə/
g/ɡ/
g-raised-w/ɡʷ/
h/h/
i/ɪ~i/
ǰj-wedge/d͡ʒ/
k/k/
Glottalized k/kʼ/
k-raised-w/kʷ/
kʼʷGlottalized k-raised-w/kʼʷ/
l/l/
Strictured l/lʼ/
ɫBarred-l/ɬ/
ƛʼGlottalized barred-lambda/t͜ɬʼ/
Alveolar lateral ejective affricate
m/m/
Strictured m/m̰/Laryngealized bilabial nasal
n/n/
Strictured n/n̰/Laryngealized alveolar nasal
p/p/
Glottalized p/pʼ/
q/q/
Glottalized q/qʼ/
q-raised-w/qʷ/
qʼʷGlottalized q-raised-w/qʼʷ/
s/s/
šs-wedge/ʃ/
t/t/
Glottalized t/tʼ/
u/ʉ~u/
w/w~ʋ/
Strictured w/w̰/Laryngealized high back rounded glide
x-w/xʷ/
x-wedge/χ/
x̌ʷRounded x-wedge/χʷ/
y/j/
Strictured y/j̰/Laryngealized high front unrounded glide


Some vocabulary


The Lushootseed language originates from the coastal region of Northwest Washington State and the Southwest coast of Canada. There are words in the Lushootseed language which are related to the environment and the fishing economy that surrounded the Salish tribes. The following tables show different words from different Lushootseed dialects relating to the salmon fishing and coastal economies.












































Southern Lushootseed Salmonoid Vocabulary

sčədadx
a word that covers all Pacific salmon and some species of trout.

sac̓əb
Chinook or King

cʼuwad
Sockeye salmon

skʷǝxʷic
coho salmon

ƛ̕xʷayʼ
chum salmon

hədu
the pink salmon

skʷawǝľ
Steelhead

pədkʷəxʷic
coho season

sc̓ayʼayʼ
gills

ɫičaʔa
nets

ɫičaʔalikʷ
net fishing

ʔalil tiʔiɫ ƛ̕usq̓íl
spawning season

skʷǝɫt
tailfin

t̓altəd
fillet knife

sqʼʷəlus
kippered dried salmon

səlusqid
fish heads

qəlx̌
dried salmon eggs

ƛ̕ǝbƛ̕əbqʷ
fresh eggs

sɫuʔb
dried chum

sxʷudᶻəʔdaliɫəd
fish with a large amount of body fat

xʷšabus
Lightly smoked










Northern Lushootseed Salmonoid Vocabulary

sʔuladxʷ
a word that covers all Pacific salmon and some species of trout.

yubəč
Chinook or King

scəqiʔ
sockeye salmon

ƛ̕xʷayʔ
chum salmon

skʷəxʷic
silver salmon


























































Northern Lushootseed Aquatic Vocabulary

qalʼqaləx̌ič
blackfish - killer whale

čəxʷəluʔ
grey whale

sq̓aƛ̕
otter

sup̓qs
seal

sťəqxʷ
beaver

sqibk̕ʷ
octopus

ʔaləšək
Western pond turtle

waq̓waq̓
frog

sk̕ʷic̕i
sea urchin

təǰabac
sea cucumber

q̓ʷəlačiʔ
star fish

bəsqʷ
crab

ťaɫiɡʷs
Rock Cod

p̓uay̓
flounder

kəlapx̌ʷəlč
jelly fish

sʔax̌ʷuʔ
clam

tulqʷ
mussel

ƛ̕ux̌ʷƛ̕ux̌ʷ
oyster

c̕ubc̕ub
barnacle

sx̌aʔaʔ
little neck steam clams

xʷč́iɫqs
large native oyster

ɡʷidəq
geoduck

stxʷub
butter clam

sx̌əpab
cockle clam

haʔəc
horse clam

č́ič́əlpyaqid / puʔps
periwinkle

sč́awyʔ
any seashell

ʔuk̕ʷs
large chiton

x̌ald
small chiton


References



  1. ^ abc Brown, Drew (2003). "History professor helps keep local Native American language alive". Scene - Life of the Mind, Pacific Lutheran University. Retrieved 2013-04-04..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Lushootseed–Puget". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.


  3. ^ Browner, Tara (2009). Music of the First Nations: Tradition and Innovation in Native North America. University of Illinois Press. pp. 35–36.


  4. ^ ab Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Vi, Hilbert (1994). Lushootseed Dictionary. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295973234. Retrieved 15 April 2017.


  5. ^ ab Beck, David. "Words and prosodic phrasing in Lushootseed narrative*" (PDF). University of Toronto. Retrieved 15 April 2017.


  6. ^ ab "Lushootseed". Ethnologue.


  7. ^ "Tulalip Lushootseed". Tualip Tribes. Retrieved 2013-04-04.


  8. ^ Fiege, Gale (2013-03-31). "For students, Tulalip Tribes' native language a connection to the past". HeraldNet.com. Everett, WA. Retrieved 2013-04-04.


  9. ^ "Lushootseed". Tulalip Tribes. Retrieved 2013-04-04.


  10. ^ Gauld, Ben (June 24, 2015). "Voices of Youth Keep Lushootseed Language Alive". 94.9 FM - Seattle News & Information. Retrieved 2015-10-03.


  11. ^ "dxʷləšucid, Lushootseed Research". Retrieved 2013-04-04.


  12. ^ Lushootseed_Syllabus_06.pdf (PDF), retrieved 2013-04-04


  13. ^ "haʔł sləx̌il txʷəl gʷəlapu. ʔəsx̌id čəxʷ siʔiʔab. - Puyallup Tribal Language".


  14. ^ UWT to offer Lushootseed immersion program this summer Archived 2016-04-17 at the Wayback Machine, Puyallup Tribal News, April 7, 2016 (retrieved April 25, 2016)


  15. ^ "LUSHOOTSEED LANGUAGE INSTITUTE". University of Washington Tacoma.


  16. ^ Eijk, Jan Van. The Lillooet Language: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, UBC Press, 1985, p.xxiv.



Language learning materials


  • Bates, D., Hess, T., & Hilbert, V. (1994). Lushootseed dictionary. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
    ISBN 9780295973234

  • Beck, David. "Transitivity and causation in Lushootseed morphology." Working Papers of the Linguistics Circle 13 (1996): 11-20.


  • Browner, Tara (2009). Music of the First Nations: Tradition and Innovation in Native North America. University of Illinois Press. pp. 35–36.


  • Indiana University, Bloomington (1996). Lushootseed texts: an introduction to Puget Salish narrative aesthetics. Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. ISBN 0803212623.

  • Chamberlain, Rebecca, Lushootseed Language & Literature: Program reader. (Lushootseed language, cultural, and storytelling traditions.)


  • Hess, Thom (1995). Lushootseed reader. University of Montana occasional papers in linguistics. S.l.: Tulalip Tribes. ISBN 1879763141.

  • Hess, Thom and Vi Hilbert. Lushootseed Book 1; The language of the Skagit, Nisqually, and other tribes of Puget Sound. An Introduction. Lushootseed Press 1995

  • Hess, Thom and Vi Hilbert. Lushootseed Book 2 (Advanced Lushootseed). Lushootseed Press, 1995


  • Hess, Thom (1995). Lushootseed Reader with Introductory Grammar. Missoula: University of Montana. ISBN 1879763117.

  • Hilbert, Vi. Haboo: Native American Stories from Puget Sound. Seattle: University of Washington, 1985

  • Hilbert, Vi, Crisca Bierwest, Thom Hess. Way of the Lushootseed People; Ceremonies & Traditions of North Puget Sound's First People. Third Edition, Lushootseed Press, 2001


  • dxʷlešucid xʷgʷədgʷatəd tul̓ʔal taqʷšəblu; Some Lushootseed Vocabulary from taqʷšəblu. Lushootseed Press, 1993


External links




  • Puyallup Tribal Language Program

  • The Tulalip Lushootseed Department's Website


  • History professor helps keep local Native American language alive by Drew Brown for PLU Scene Magazine

  • Lushootseed Peoples of Puget Sound Country

  • Lushootseed Research

  • Dr. David Beck, Salishan Language specialist

  • Developing a corpus for Lushootseed








Popular posts from this blog

How to check contact read email or not when send email to Individual?

Displaying single band from multi-band raster using QGIS

How many registers does an x86_64 CPU actually have?