National Express


For other uses, see National Express (disambiguation).































National Express Group PLC
Type
Public
Traded as
LSE: NEX
IndustryPublic transport
Founded1972: National Express branding
1992: National Express Group plc
Headquarters
Birmingham, England
Area served
Europe and North America
Key people

Sir John Armitt
(Chairman)
Dean Finch
(Group Chief Executive)
ProductsBus, coach, train & tram services
Revenue
£2,321.2 million (2017)[1]
Operating income

£241.5 million (2017)[1]
Net income

£134.3 million (2017)[1]
Number of employees
45,000 (2018)[2]
Subsidiaries
Eurolines
The Kings Ferry
Midland Metro
National Express Airlinks
National Express Coaches
National Express Deutschland
National Express Dundee (Xplore Dundee)
National Express Coventry
National Express West Midlands
Websitewww.nationalexpressgroup.com

National Express is a British multinational public transport company headquartered in Birmingham that operates bus, coach, train and tram services in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Spain, Portugal, Malta, Germany and Morocco and long-distance coach services across Europe. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.




Contents





  • 1 History

    • 1.1 Acquisitions and disposals


    • 1.2 Default on East Coast rail franchise


    • 1.3 Operational safety concerns


    • 1.4 Offers for the company



  • 2 Operations

    • 2.1 UK and Europe

      • 2.1.1 Bus and coach

        • 2.1.1.1 Bus


        • 2.1.1.2 Coach



      • 2.1.2 Railway



    • 2.2 USA and Canada

      • 2.2.1 Bus



    • 2.3 Middle East

      • 2.3.1 Bus




  • 3 Former operations

    • 3.1 UK and Europe

      • 3.1.1 Bus and coach

        • 3.1.1.1 Bus


        • 3.1.1.2 Coach



      • 3.1.2 Railway and Tram

        • 3.1.2.1 Railway


        • 3.1.2.2 Tram


        • 3.1.2.3 London & Continental Railways




    • 3.2 Airports


    • 3.3 Australian operations

      • 3.3.1 Bus and coach


      • 3.3.2 Railway and tram



    • 3.4 USA and Canada

      • 3.4.1 Bus and coach




  • 4 References


  • 5 External links




History





Duple Dominant bodied Leyland Tiger in Liverpool in 1982 in the original livery





Midland Mainline High Speed Train at London St Pancras





Travel London Alexander ALX400 bodied Dennis Trident 2 at Trafalgar Square in April 2008


In 1972 the state owned National Bus Company decided to bring together the scheduled coach services operated by its bus operating companies in the United Kingdom under one brand. Sir Frederick Wood, a prominent businessman and industrialist, was asked to oversee the creation of this new business model and led the group as its chairman from 1972 to 1978.[3] Initially branded as National, the National Express brand was first used in 1974.[4][5]


With the privatisation of the National Bus Company in the 1980s, National Express was subject to a management buyout in March 1988. The management team began to diversify, and in 1989 purchased Crosville Wales[6] but its financial performance began to deteriorate from early 1990. A new management team took over the company in July 1991, with the backing of mid-market private equity firm, ECI Partners. The new team refocused the group on its core activities and sold Crosville Wales to British Bus.[7] In October 1991 it purchased Speedlink, an operator of coach services between Gatwick and Heathrow Airports.[5] In December 1992 National Express Group plc was floated on the London Stock Exchange.[4]



Acquisitions and disposals


In 1993 Scottish Citylink, Eurolines and East Midlands Airport were acquired.[8][9] In April 1995 National Express purchased West Midlands Travel, the formerly council owned bus network of Birmingham and the West Midlands[4] and rebranded it Travel West Midlands in September 1996. This began the brand family of Travel ... local bus operations. Bournemouth Airport was acquired in April 1995.[10]


In April 1996 National Express commenced operating its first UK rail franchises, Gatwick Express and Midland Mainline. Other franchises won in 1997 were Silverlink, Central Trains and ScotRail. To comply with a Monopolies & Mergers Commission ruling on it winning the ScotRail franchise, National Express sold the Scottish Citylink operation to Metroline in August 1998.[11][12]


In February 1997 Taybus Public Transport was acquired and rebranded Travel Dundee.[13]


In September 1998 Crabtree-Harmon, the seventh largest student transportation bus company in the United States was acquired, with 82 school bus contracts mainly in Missouri, but also in other Midwest states including Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma and Utah. In February 1999 Robinson Bus Service was purchased followed in August 1999 by Durham Transportation. These acquisitions placed National Express as one of the top three United States school bus operators.[14]


In May 1999 National Express purchased Australia's largest private bus operator, National Bus Company.[15] National Bus Company had bus operations in Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth, and also held a 57% shareholding in Westbus, Sydney's largest bus operator. Westbus also had a London coach operation.[16] In August 1999 National Express won the M>Train, M>Tram and V/Line Passenger rail franchises in the Australian state of Victoria.[17][18]


In January 2000, National Express expanded into the American market by acquiring ATC, a public transportation operator.[19] In July 2000 Prism Rail was purchased adding the c2c, Wales & Borders, Wessex Trains and West Anglia Great Northern franchises to National Express' portfolio.[20][21][22]


In December 2002 National Express handed in its Victorian rail franchises having been unable to renegotiate financial terms with the State Government.[23][24]


In February 2004 the London bus operations of Connex were purchased and rebranded Travel London.[25] In April 2004 National Express East Anglia commenced operating the Greater Anglia rail franchise.[26] In September 2004 National Express sold its Melbourne bus operations to Ventura Bus Lines, and Brisbane and Perth bus operations to Connex.[27][28] After being placed in administration in January 2005, Westbus was sold to ComfortDelGro Cabcharge in August 2005.[29][30]


In June 2005 the London bus arm of Tellings-Golden Miller was purchased and also rebranded Travel London.[31] In July 2005, National Express sold ATC to Connex.[32] In October 2005 National Express agreed to buy most of operations of privately owned Spanish transport operator ALSA, which operates bus and coach services in Spain, Portugal and Morocco, and long-distance coach services to other parts of Europe. Alsa's operations in South America and China were retained by the previous owners.[33]


In April 2007 National Express acquired Continental Auto, the second largest bus and coach operator in Spain.[34]





Dot2Dot Volkswagen in London in April 2008


In November 2007 South East England coach operator The Kings Ferry was purchased[35] and an airport to hotel shuttle service in London branded Dot2Dot was launched.[36] It was not successful and ceased in November 2008.[37]


In November 2007 National Express announced plans to re-brand all of their operations under a new unified National Express identity.[38] It was intended to achieve greater recognition for all the group companies, to coincide with recent acquisitions and after current rail operations had improved in reliability to warrant association with the established express coach image. It coincided with the appointment of a group director for all UK operations and relocation of the head office from London to Birmingham, bringing all operations under a single strategic management structure. Day-to-day management remains within individual companies.[39]


In December 2007 National Express East Coast commenced operating the InterCity East Coast franchise.[40] In May 2009 National Express sold Travel London and Travel Surrey to Abellio.[41]


In February 2013 National Express Germany was awarded two regional rail contracts by the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr, Zweckverband Nahverkehr Rheinland and Zweckverband Nahverkehr Westfalen-Lippe authorities that commenced in December 2015.[42][43]


In January 2015 the Bayerische Eisenbahngesellschaft announced that National Express had been selected to operate the Nuremberg S-Bahn system from December 2018. It was to have been the first Deutsche Bahn S-Bahn network to be taken over by a private operator.[44] However in October 2016, National Express elected to pull out, citing a delay in the ability to order new rolling stock while a challenge brought on by Deutsche Bahn was resolved, would make its bid unviable.[45]


In June 2015 it was announced that the parts 2 and 3 of the Rhein-Ruhr-Express which will be introduced in 2018 will be operated by National Express. This includes Regional-Express services RE4, RE5 and RE6 in Northrhine-Westphalia.[46]


In December 2016, coach operator Clarkes of London was purchased with 56 vehicles.[47][48]



Default on East Coast rail franchise





National Express East Coast High Speed Train at London King's Cross in July 2009


In July 2009, the Department for Transport announced that it would take the National Express East Coast franchise into public ownership at the end of the year after National Express announced it would not invest any further funds into the franchise, effectively declaring it planned on defaulting.[49]Directly Operated Railways took over the East Coast franchise on 14 November 2009.[50] Also in November 2009 the government announced that National Express East Anglia would not be granted a three-year extension that it had otherwise qualified for, because of the East Coast default.[51]



Operational safety concerns


On 3 January 2007 a speeding National Express coach overturned on the M4/M25 slip road, leaving three passengers dead. The driver was jailed for five years.[52]


In July 2009, a junior transport minister, the Gillingham MP Paul Clark, spelt out a series of concerns to National Express in a letter following a meeting with an employee of National Express East Coast who lives in his constituency. The worker claimed that due to reduced maintenance checks, some trains were in use with defective brakes, an allegation strongly denied by the company, which said it would "never compromise on safety". He wrote: "As a result of reduced maintenance checks, 'some long-haul sets [trains] are in use with brake defects'. Increasing cuts in staff combined with an increasing pressure to ensure that trains run safely has resulted in fears among staff that a major accident is 'just around the corner'." Passengers, he added, "have been 'poisoned' as a result of coffee machines not being cleaned correctly, with cleaning fluids left in situ". The minister said he was "shocked and appalled at the information with which I've been provided. You will understand that these allegations are exceptionally serious".[53]


School bus drivers in the US have raised concerns about the safety of the buses run by Durham, a subsidiary of National Express and the second largest operator of school bus services in North America. According to representatives of Durham bus drivers, fluid leaks, tires that need to be replaced, black mold and non-functional emergency equipment are regular concerns, whilst workers continued to operate buses while sick because they cannot afford to miss a day of work and drivers are not paid for all the time they work.[54]



Offers for the company





Park's of Hamilton Plaxton Elite bodied Volvo B9R in Bolton in April 2013


With the company's finances under stress largely as a result of having overbid for the National Express East Coast rail franchise, National Express became a takeover target in 2009. In June 2009 a takeover offer from fellow transport operator FirstGroup was rejected.[55] On 3 September 2009 National Express' largest shareholder, Spain's Cosmen family with 18.5%, and CVC Capital Partners made a takeover offer of £765 million for the company.[56][57] The Takeover Panel set a deadline of 11 September 2009 for all prospective bids.[58]


National Express agreed to allow the Cosmen/CVC consortium to undertake due diligence in September 2009.[59] The Cosmen/CVC consortium had reached an agreement to sell the UK bus and rail operations to Stagecoach Group if its offer was successful.[60] The deadline for offers was subsequently extended to 16 October 2009.[61]


On 16 October 2009 the Cosmen/CVC consortium withdrew their offer.[62][63] with Stagecoach submitting a new all-share bid later the same day.[64][65] This too did not proceed and in November 2009 National Express announced it would raise the necessary capital through a share issue.[66]



Operations





National Express West Midlands Wright Eclipse Gemini bodied Volvo B7TL in Birmingham in September 2010





The Kings Ferry Caetano Levante bodied Volvo B13R in May 2013




ALSA Setra S319GT-HD coach in Spain





Durham School Services school bus in New York City


National Express' operations are summarised below:[67]



UK and Europe



Bus and coach


The bus and coach services operated by the group are:



Bus

  • AirLinks (contract bus operation at UK airports)


  • Xplore Dundee (bus operation in and around Dundee, Scotland)
    • G&N Wishart (Rural bus and coach arm of Xplore Dundee)


  • National Express West Midlands (Major bus operations in Birmingham and the rest of the West Midlands)

    • National Express Coventry (bus operation in and around Coventry, a subsidiary of National Express West Midlands)


Coach


  • Eurolines (express coach services between the UK and other European countries)


  • National Express Coaches (long distance express and airport coach services in the UK)


  • The Kings Ferry (commuter services and private coach hire)


  • ALSA including Continental-Auto (coach services in Spain and Western Europe)

  • Clarkes of London (commuter services and private coach hire)

  • Stewarts Coaches (private coach hire and tours)

  • In 2016, National Express coach tickets are distributed through Europe by the online booking platform SoBus.[68]


Railway


The railway services operated by the group are:




National Express train at Wuppertal-Oberbarmen station


  • In December 2015, National Express Germany started operating the Rhein-Münsterland-Express (RE7) from Rheine to Krefeld and the Rhein-Wupper-Bahn (RB48) from Wuppertal-Oberbarmen to Bonn-Mehlem in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.[69] National Express uses Bombardier Talent 2 EMUs on both lines.[70]


USA and Canada



Bus


  • National Express Transit (transit and paratransit bus operation in the US, formed in 2012)
    • Arlington Transit

    • JATRAN

    • Kern Transit

    • Manteca Transit

    • Merced County Transit

    • Modesto Area Express

    • SolTrans

    • Victor Valley Transit Authority

    • Westmoreland County Transit Authority


  • A&S Transportation (school bus operations in Florida)

  • A1A Transportation (school bus operations in Florida)

  • Aristocrat Limousine and Bus (limo and charter bus service in New Jersey)

  • Cook DuPage Transportation (paratransit service in Chicago area)

  • Diamond Transportation (paratransit and shuttle service in Washington, DC area, acquired 2016)[71]


  • Durham School Services (school bus operation in the US)

  • Monroe School Transportation (school and charter bus operations in Rochester, New York)

  • New Dawn Transit (school bus operations in New York City)

  • Petermann Transportation (school bus and special service bus operation in US, acquired 2011)[72]

  • Quality Bus Service (school bus operations in Orange County, New York)

  • Queen City Transportation (school and charter bus operations in Ohio, acquired 2017)[73]


  • Stock Transportation (school bus operation in Canada)

  • Suburban Paratransit (paratransit service in New York)

  • Trans Express (shuttle, charter, tour, and casino service in New York, acquired 2015)[74]

  • Trinity Transportation (charter and school service in Michigan, acquired 2017)[75]

  • White Plains Bus (charter service in New York)

  • In July 2014, National Express partners with Canadian-based online booking platform Busbud.[68]


Middle East



Bus


In February 2015, the Bahrain Public Transport Company in which National Express holds a 50% shareholding commenced operating a 10-year concession in Bahrain.[76]



Former operations





Travel Surrey Plaxton Pointer bodied Dennis Dart in Byfleet in December 2008





Central Trains Class 153 at Lincoln in May 2004





One Class 317 at Cambridge in July 2005





Westbus Custom Coaches bodied Mercedes-Benz O405 in Sydney





M>Tram B-class tram in Melbourne in August 2001



UK and Europe



Bus and coach



Bus

In May 2009 National Express sold some of their bus operations to Abellio:



  • Travel London (bus operation under contract to Transport for London in London)

    • Travel Surrey (bus operation Surrey and South West London - a subsidiary of Travel London)

Coach


  • Scottish Citylink sold to Metroline in August 1998 in order to comply with a Competition Commission requirement for National Express to operate the ScotRail rail franchise


  • City2City an express coach services in Germany that ceased on 14 October 2014.[77]


Railway and Tram



Railway




c2c Class 357 Electrostar at Upminster in September 2010


Rail franchises formerly operated:



  • Wales & Borders passed to Arriva Trains Wales in December 2003


  • ScotRail passed to First ScotRail in October 2004


  • Wessex Trains, absorbed into Greater Western franchise and passed to First Great Western in April 2006


  • West Anglia Great Northern split into two parts: West Anglia services transferred to National Express East Anglia April 2004, Great Northern services passed to First Capital Connect in April 2006

  • In November 2007 several franchises were lost in a general restructure:

    • Central Trains split between CrossCountry, East Midlands Trains and London Midland


    • Midland Mainline absorbed into East Midlands Trains franchise


    • Silverlink split between London Midland and London Overground



  • Gatwick Express incorporated into Southern franchise in June 2008


  • National Express East Coast passed to Directly Operated Railways in November 2009


  • National Express East Anglia (including Stansted Express service) passed to Abellio Greater Anglia in February 2012


  • c2c operated from May 1996 until sold to Trenitalia in February 2017[78]


Tram


  • National Express Midland Metro (Midland Metro tram line in the West Midlands), passed to Transport for West Midlands in 2018.

London & Continental Railways

National Express had a 17.5% shareholding in London & Continental Railways (L&CR) from its formation in September 1994 until it was nationalised by the Government of the United Kingdom in 2009. L&CR was responsible for building the High Speed 1 project. National Express also held a 40% stake in the Inter-Capital and Regional Rail consortium which held the management contract for the UK arm of the Eurostar operation, L&CR's subsidiary Eurostar International Limited from 1998 to 2010.[79][80]



Airports


In the 1990s National Express moved into the privatisation of airports, purchasing East Midlands, Bournemouth, and Humberside Airports. In a move to concentrate on bus and rail provision, Humberside was sold to Manchester Airports Group in 1999 followed by Bournemouth and East Midlands in February 2001.[81][82]


Until November 2007 the group also operated Stewart International Airport in New Windsor, New York. However, the lease was sold to the public Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[83]



Australian operations



Bus and coach


Australian bus companies previously operated:



  • Westbus and Glenorie Bus Company in Sydney, sold to ComfortDelGro Cabcharge

  • Blue Ribbon in the Hunter Region, sold to ComfortDelgro Cabcharge


  • National Bus Company, Melbourne, sold to Ventura Bus Lines

  • National Bus Company, Brisbane, sold to Connex


  • Southern Coast Transit, Perth, sold to Connex


Railway and tram


In 1999 the Group gained the Australian franchises M>Train, M>Tram and V/Line Passenger, following the privatisation of rail and tram services by the Government of Victoria. After incurring large losses and being unable to renegotiate the franchise contracts, the operations were handed back to the State Government. M>Train was re-let to Connex and M>Tram to Transdev. V/Line became a government-owned corporation.[84]



USA and Canada



Bus and coach


  • ATC (transit and paratransit operations in the United States and Canada, sold to Veolia Environnement in 2005 and since renamed Veolia Transport).[85]

  • Yuma County Area Transit


References




  1. ^ abc "Preliminary Results 2017" (PDF). National Express Group. Retrieved 28 March 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ "At a glance". National Express. Retrieved 28 March 2018.


  3. ^ "Sir Frederick Wood". 24 March 2003. Retrieved 21 September 2014.


  4. ^ abc National Express Group: Our History National Express


  5. ^ ab National Express Group PLC and Saltire Holdings Ltd Monopolies and Mergers Commission February 1994 page 3


  6. ^ Arriva Buses Wales history Arriva


  7. ^ Competition Commission report 1996 paragraphs 3.5 to 3.7


  8. ^ Competition Commission report 1996 Page 31


  9. ^ History of East Midlands Airport East Midlands Airport


  10. ^ Bournemouth Airport History Bournemouth Airport Archived 24 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine


  11. ^ National Express told to sell Citylink local.gov.uk 29 May 1998


  12. ^ History of Metroline Metroline


  13. ^ Travel Dundee - celebrating 10 years Travel Dundee news 23 February 2007[dead link]


  14. ^ National Express buys US school bus firm The Independent 17 August 1999


  15. ^ Acquisition of Australian urban bus operator National Bus Company National Express 10 May 1999


  16. ^ Westbus UK History Westbus UK


  17. ^ National Express Group Awarded Three Franchises National Express corporate news June 1999


  18. ^ Nation Express takes root in Melbourne Railway Gazette International 1 October 2000


  19. ^ "National Express Buys ATC". Retrieved 25 May 2015.


  20. ^ National Express £165m rail coup This is Money 17 July 2000


  21. ^ National Express buys Prism for £166m The Daily Telegraph 19 July 2000


  22. ^ National Express buys Prism for £166m The Guardian 19 July 2000


  23. ^ National Express walks out of Australian rail service The Daily Telegraph 17 December 2002


  24. ^ Nat Express pull back Down Under The Daily Telegraph 3 September 2004


  25. ^ National Express buys 200 London buses The Daily Telegraph 27 February 2004


  26. ^ National Express Group Announced as Preferred Bidder for New Greater Anglia Franchise Strategic Rail Authority press release 22 December 2003


  27. ^ National Express sells buses The Age 22 September 2004


  28. ^ Connex pursues further development in Australia Connex press release 7 September 2004


  29. ^ New Westbus owners guarantee jobs, services Sydney Morning Herald 22 August 2005


  30. ^ ComfortDelGro Cabcharge company profile ComfortDelGro Cabcharge


  31. ^ National Express Group purchases the London Bus Division of Tellings Golden Miller National Express 1 June 2005


  32. ^ "Connex, transportation division of Veolia Environnement, announces major acquisition". Retrieved 25 May 2015.


  33. ^ National Express in Spanish Deal BBC News 11 October 2005


  34. ^ National Express acquires Continental Auto National Express 27 April 2007


  35. ^ The Group buys Kings Ferry Travel Group National Express 12 November 2007


  36. ^ Launch of dot2dot National Express 12 November 2007


  37. ^ National Express gives up on Dot2Dot Archived 20 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Bus & Coach Professional 3 November 2008


  38. ^ New Identity for National Express Group National Express 15 November 2007


  39. ^ Buses Magazine December 2007, Ian Allan Publishing


  40. ^ National Express awarded contract for growth on InterCity East Coast Department for Transport 14 August 2007


  41. ^ National Express Group plc agreement to sell Travel London National Express 21 May 2009


  42. ^ National Express celebrates German rail success National Express 7 February 2013


  43. ^ National Express plans German invasion The Daily Telegraph 7 February 2013


  44. ^ "National Express clears Nuremberg S-Bahn legal hurdle". Rail Journal. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2016.


  45. ^ National Express pulls out of Nuernburg S-Bahn bidding Railway Gazette International 25 October 2016


  46. ^ "Abellio und National Express sollen den Betrieb der RRX-Linien übernehmen". vrr.de (in German). Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr AöR. 6 June 2015. Archived from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2015.


  47. ^ NX buys Clarkes of London Coach & Bus Week 16 December 2016


  48. ^ National Express swoops in to buy Clarkes of London Route-One 17 December 2016


  49. ^ Milmo, Dan (1 July 2009). "£30bn shortfall threatens rail and road plans". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 1 July 2009.


  50. ^ "East Coast rail change confirmed". BBC News Online. 5 November 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2009.


  51. ^ National Express loses East Anglia franchise three years early The Daily Telegraph 26 November 2009


  52. ^ "Safety questions begin after motorway coach crash leaves two dead and up to 60 injured". The Guardian. 5 January 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2016.


  53. ^ Teather, David (27 July 2009). "National Express's east coast line is 'an accident waiting to happen'". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2009.


  54. ^ Deniz, Kara. "Durham School Bus Drivers Speak Out About Safety, Human Rights Concerns". Teamsters. Retrieved 18 April 2013.


  55. ^ "National Express turns down bid". British Broadcasting Corporation. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2009.


  56. ^ Statement regarding possible offer National Express 3 September 2009


  57. ^ National Express gets £765m bid BBC News 3 September 2009


  58. ^ Bowker, John (8 May 2009). "UPDATE 2-National Express suitors given Sept bid deadline". Reuters. Retrieved 10 September 2009.


  59. ^ Statement regarding possible offer National Express 11 September 2009


  60. ^ Power, Helen; Costello, Miles (7 September 2009). "National Express looks at options beyond CVC". London: The Times. Retrieved 10 September 2009.


  61. ^ Statement regarding possible offer National Express corporate news 25 September 2009


  62. ^ Statement regarding possible offer National Express 16 October 2009


  63. ^ "Bid failure hits National Express". BBC News Online. 16 October 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009.


  64. ^ Statement regarding press speculation National Express 19 October 2009


  65. ^ "Rival renews National Express bid". BBC News Online. 19 October 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009.


  66. ^ Publication of Prospectus National Express 11 November 2009


  67. ^ National Express Group: Our businesses National Express


  68. ^ ab "Busbud Bags $9M For Its Coach Travel Booking Platform". Techcrunch. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.


  69. ^ "Neues Gesicht bei den Nahverkehrsbetreibern in NRW". Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr. 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.


  70. ^ National Express Talent 2 EMU rolled out Railway Gazette International 28 November 2014


  71. ^ "National Express acquires Diamond Transportation Services". Retrieved 2018-10-17.


  72. ^ "National Express acquires Petermann Partners, Inc. for $200 million - National Express Group PLC". Retrieved 2018-10-17.


  73. ^ "National Express LLC-Acquisition of Control-Queen City Transportation, LLC". Federal Register. 2017-11-09. Retrieved 2018-10-17.


  74. ^ "National Express Transit Corporation-Acquisition of Control-Trans Express, Inc., and Rainbow Management Service Inc". Federal Register. 2015-05-01. Retrieved 2018-10-17.


  75. ^ "Announcing Trinity Transportation Acquired by National Express | %%sitename". Retrieved 2018-10-17.


  76. ^ Ministry of Transportation Appoints New Public Bus Operator Archived 12 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of Transport & Telecommunications 30 September 2014


  77. ^ National Express exits German coach business Passenger Transport 17 September 2014


  78. ^ Acquisition of c2c franchise by Trenitalia National Express 11 January 2017


  79. ^ "Eurostar restructure sees UK expand rail stake". AllRailJobs.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.


  80. ^ "Annual Report and Accounts 2010". National Express Group plc. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.


  81. ^ Manchester Airports Group Annual Report 31 March 2001[permanent dead link] Manchester Airport Group


  82. ^ Manchester Airport spreads its wings BBC News 19 February 2001


  83. ^ 4th Major Hub for Air Traffic moves ahead New York Times 25 January 2007


  84. ^ Annual Report 30 June 2013 Archived 20 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine V/Line


  85. ^ Annual Report 31 December 2005 Archived 14 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine National Express



External links


Media related to National Express Group at Wikimedia Commons


  • Corporate website










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Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP 1 How can I extract a single band from multi-band raster in QGIS? I have an remote sensed image which has 6 bands (including NDVI band), I want to display each band separately, but have no idea how to do. I have seen some questions similar here but none worked for me. The original image (has 6 bands) is: I want to display the band 6 which should be like this: But I tried gdal_translate, and couldn't get the correct result. What I have got is: qgis raster multi-band share | improve this question edited Mar 5 at 0:53 Summer asked Mar 4 at 6:42 Summer Summer 23 6 Is this any help gis.stackexchange.com/questions/220658/… ? if not gis.stackexchange.com/questions/62133/… might help. – Michael Stimson Mar 4 at 6:46 Thanks for answering but when I used gdal_translate, qgis showed that 'Error 4: Kayena.tif: No such file or directory". Would you know how to fi...
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How many registers does an x86_64 CPU actually have?

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Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP up vote 2 down vote favorite I am currently learning reverse engineering and am studying the flags register. I had in my mind that rflags was just another name for one of the 16 general purpose registers, for example rax or rbx . But it looks like rflags is actually an additional register. So that makes 17 registers in total... how many more could there be? I have spent at least an hour on this and found numerous different answers. The best answer so far is this, which says that there are 40 registers in total. 16 General Purpose Registers 2 Status Registers 6 Code Segment Registers 16 SSE Registers 8 FPU/MMX Registers But if I add that up, I get 48. Could anybody provide an official answer on how many registers an x86_64 CPU has (e.g. an Intel i7). Additionally, I have seen references to 'hardware' and 'architectural' registers. What are those registers and how many are there? register x86-64 share | improve this...
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