Theridiidae



















Tangle web spiders
Temporal range: Cretaceous[1] - present


Enoplognatha ovata.JPG

Enoplognatha ovata[2]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Chelicerata
Class:
Arachnida
Order:
Araneae
Infraorder:
Araneomorphae
Family:
Theridiidae
Sundevall, 1833

Genera

See text.



Diversity

109 genera, 2295 species

Distribution.theridiidae.1.png

Theridiidae is a large family of spiders, also known as the tangle-web spiders, cobweb spiders and comb-footed spiders. Members of Theridiidae are the most common arthropods found in human dwellings throughout the world.[3] The diverse, globally distributed family includes over 2,200 species in over 100 genera[4] of three-dimensional space-web-builders. Theridiid spiders are entelegyne (have a genital plate in the female) araneomorph ecribellate (use sticky capture silk instead of woolly silk) spiders that often build tangle space webs and have a comb of serrated bristles (setae) on the tarsus of the fourth leg.


The family includes some model organisms for research, for example, the genus Latrodectus, the medically important widow spiders. In addition to studies characterizing their venom and its clinical manifestation, widow spiders are broadly used in research on spider silk, and on sexual biology including sexual cannibalism.


Anelosimus spiders are also model organisms, used for the study of sociality, its evolution, and its ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences. They are particularly important for such studies as the genus contains species varying from solitary to permanently social, and because sociality has evolved frequently within the genus allowing comparative studies across species. These spiders are also a promising model for the study of inbreeding as their mating system co-varies with sociality, and all permanently social species are highly inbred.


One species in Theridion, the Hawaiian T. grallator, is used as a model to understand the selective forces and the genetic basis of colour polymorphism within species. Theridion grallator is known as the "happyface" spider, as certain morphs have a pattern uncannily resembling a smiley face or a grinning clown face on their yellow body.


The family also contains the well studied kleptoparasitic species of the subfamily Argyrodinae (including Argyrodes, Faiditus, and Neospintharus) which often have triangular bodies. These spiders live in the webs of larger spiders and pilfer small prey caught by their host's web, eat prey killed by the host spider, and may consume silk from the host web, as well as attack and eat the host itself.


The largest genus with over 600 species currently placed in it is Theridion, but it is not monophyletic. Another large genus is Parasteatoda, previously Achaearanea, which includes the North American common house spider.


Many theridiids trap ants and other ground dwelling insects by means of elastic sticky silk trap lines leading to the soil surface. Despite their name, cobweb or tangle-web spiders have a huge range of web architectures.




Contents





  • 1 Webs


  • 2 Genera


  • 3 See also


  • 4 References


  • 5 External links




Webs


Theridiidae is probably the only family with a large diversity of spider web forms: there is a high within-taxon diversity (e.g. in Latrodectus), as well as convergence in different taxa. Theridiid gumfoot-webs consist of frame lines that anchor them to surroundings and of support threads, which possess viscid silk. Four main web types are currently recognized: among webs with gumfooted lines, there are webs with a central retreat (Achaearanea-type) and those with a peripheral retreat (Latrodectus-type). Among webs without gumfooted lines, there are those that contain viscid silk (Theridion-type) and those with a sheet-like structure, which do not contain visible viscid silk (Coleosoma-type). However, there are many undescribed web forms.


Building of gumfooted lines constitutes a unique stereotyped behaviour and is most probably homologous for Theridiidae and its sister family Nesticidae. Webs remain in place for extended periods and are expanded and repaired, but no regular pattern of web replacement has been observed.[5][6]



Genera


As of November 2015[update], the World Spider Catalog accepts the following extant genera:[7]





Chrysso pulcherrima





Coscinida japonica





Dipoena martinae





Enoplognatha abrupta





Epsinus nubilus





Latrodectus mactans, a black widow spider





Theridion impressum





Theridula angula moving from one tree to another carrying the egg sac




  • Achaearanea Strand, 1929


  • Achaearyopa Barrion & Litsinger, 1995


  • Achaeridion Wunderlich, 2008


  • Allothymoites Ono, 2007


  • Ameridion Wunderlich, 1995


  • Anatea Berland, 1927


  • Anatolidion Wunderlich, 2008


  • Anelosimus Simon, 1891


  • Argyrodella Saaristo, 2006


  • Argyrodes Simon, 1864


  • Ariamnes Thorell, 1869


  • Asagena Sundevall, 1833


  • Asygyna Agnarsson, 2006


  • Audifia Keyserling, 1884


  • Bardala Saaristo, 2006


  • Borneoridion Deeleman & Wunderlich, 2011


  • Brunepisinus Yoshida & Koh, 2011


  • Cabello Levi, 1964


  • Cameronidion Wunderlich, 2011


  • Campanicola Yoshida, 2015


  • Canalidion Wunderlich, 2008


  • Carniella Thaler & Steinberger, 1988


  • Cephalobares O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870


  • Cerocida Simon, 1894


  • Chikunia Yoshida, 2009


  • Chorizopella Lawrence, 1947


  • Chrosiothes Simon, 1894


  • Chrysso O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882


  • Coleosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882


  • Coscinida Simon, 1895


  • Craspedisia Simon, 1894


  • Crustulina Menge, 1868


  • Cryptachaea Archer, 1946


  • Cyllognatha L. Koch, 1872


  • Deelemanella Yoshida, 2003


  • Dipoena Thorell, 1869


  • Dipoenata Wunderlich, 1988


  • Dipoenura Simon, 1909


  • Echinotheridion Levi, 1963


  • Emertonella Bryant, 1945


  • Enoplognatha Pavesi, 1880


  • Episinus Walckenaer, in Latreille, 1809


  • Euryopis Menge, 1868


  • Eurypoena Wunderlich, 1992


  • Exalbidion Wunderlich, 1995


  • Faiditus Keyserling, 1884


  • Gmogala Keyserling, 1890


  • Grancanaridion Wunderlich, 2011


  • Guaraniella Baert, 1984


  • Hadrotarsus Thorell, 1881


  • Helvibis Keyserling, 1884


  • Helvidia Thorell, 1890


  • Hentziectypus Archer, 1946


  • Heterotheridion Wunderlich, 2008


  • Hetschkia Keyserling, 1886


  • Histagonia Simon, 1895


  • Icona Forster, 1955


  • Jamaitidion Wunderlich, 1995


  • Janula Strand, 1932


  • Kochiura Archer, 1950


  • Landoppo Barrion & Litsinger, 1995


  • Lasaeola Simon, 1881


  • Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805


  • Macaridion Wunderlich, 1992


  • Magnopholcomma Wunderlich, 2008


  • Meotipa Simon, 1894


  • Molione Thorell, 1892


  • Moneta O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870


  • Montanidion Wunderlich, 2011


  • Nanume Saaristo, 2006


  • Neopisinus Marques, Buckup & Rodrigues, 2011


  • Neospintharus Exline, 1950


  • Neottiura Menge, 1868


  • Nesopholcomma Ono, 2010


  • Nesticodes Archer, 1950


  • Nipponidion Yoshida, 2001


  • Nojimaia Yoshida, 2009


  • Ohlertidion Wunderlich, 2008


  • Okumaella Yoshida, 2009


  • Paidiscura Archer, 1950


  • Parasteatoda Archer, 1946


  • Paratheridula Levi, 1957


  • Pholcomma Thorell, 1869


  • Phoroncidia Westwood, 1835


  • Phycosoma O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879


  • Phylloneta Archer, 1950


  • Platnickina Koçak & Kemal, 2008


  • Proboscidula Miller, 1970


  • Propostira Simon, 1894


  • Pycnoepisinus Wunderlich, 2008


  • Rhomphaea L. Koch, 1872


  • Robertus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879


  • Ruborridion Wunderlich, 2011


  • Rugathodes Archer, 1950


  • Sardinidion Wunderlich, 1995


  • Selkirkiella Berland, 1924


  • Sesato Saaristo, 2006


  • Seycellesa Koçak & Kemal, 2008


  • Simitidion Wunderlich, 1992


  • Spheropistha Yaginuma, 1957


  • Spinembolia Saaristo, 2006


  • Spintharus Hentz, 1850


  • Steatoda Sundevall, 1833


  • Stemmops O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894


  • Stoda Saaristo, 2006


  • Styposis Simon, 1894


  • Takayus Yoshida, 2001


  • Tamanidion Wunderlich, 2011


  • Tekellina Levi, 1957


  • Theonoe Simon, 1881


  • Theridion Walckenaer, 1805


  • Theridula Emerton, 1882


  • Thwaitesia O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881


  • Thymoites Keyserling, 1884


  • Tidarren Chamberlin & Ivie, 1934


  • Tomoxena Simon, 1895


  • Wamba O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896


  • Wirada Keyserling, 1886


  • Yaginumena Yoshida, 2002


  • Yoroa Baert, 1984


  • Yunohamella Yoshida, 2007


  • Zercidium Benoit, 1977


About 35 extinct genera have also been placed in the family.[8]



See also


  • List of Theridiidae species

  • Spider families


References




  1. ^ Grimaldi, D.A. et al. Fossiliferous Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar (Burma): Its Rediscovery, Biotic Diversity, and Paleontological Significance. American Museum Novitates, No 3361, 2002


  2. ^ Cirrus Digital Tangle Web Spider Enoplognatha ovata


  3. ^ Leong, Misha; Bertone, Matthew A.; Savage, Amy M.; Bayless, Keith M.; Dunn, Robert R.; Trautwein, Michelle D. (2017). "The Habitats Humans Provide: Factors affecting the diversity and composition of arthropods in houses". Scientific Reports. 7 (15347): 15347. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15584-2. PMC 5681556. PMID 29127355.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  4. ^ Platnick, Norman I. "The World Spider Catalog". Retrieved 2009-08-11.


  5. ^ Benjamin, Suresh P. & Zschokke, Samuel 2002. Untangling the tangle-web: web building behaviour of the comb-footed spider Steatoda triangulosa and comments on phylogenetic implications (Araneae: Theridiidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 15: 791-809 [1]


  6. ^ Benjamin, Suresh P. & Zschokke, Samuel 2003. Webs of theridiid spiders: construction, structure and evolution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 78: 293-305 [2]


  7. ^ "Family: Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2015-11-07


  8. ^ Dunlop, J.A.; Penney, D.; Jekel, D. (2015). "A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives" (PDF). World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2015-11-06.



  • Agnarsson I. 2006a. A revision of the New World eximius lineage of Anelosimus (Araneae, Theridiidae) and a phylogenetic analysis using worldwide exemplars. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 146: 453-593. PDF

  • Agnarsson I. 2006b. Asymmetric female genitalia and other remarkable morphology in a new genus of cobweb spiders (Theridiidae, Araneae) from Madagascar. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 87: 211-232. PDF

  • Agnarsson I. 2006c. Phylogenetic placement of Echinotheridion (Araneae: Theridiidae) - do male sexual organ removal, emasculation, and sexual cannibalism in Echinotheridion and Tidarren represent evolutionary replicas? Invertebrate Systematics 20: 415-429. PDF

  • Agnarsson I. 2004. Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 447-626. PDF

  • Cooperative behavior of Anelosimus jabaquara (2002). PDF

  • Arnedo, M.A., Coddington, J., Agnarsson, I. & Gillespie, R.G. (2004). From a comb to a tree: phylogenetic relationships of the comb-footed spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31:225-245. PDF

  • Arnedo MA, Agnarsson I, Gillespie RG. In Press. Molecular insights into the phylogenetic structure of the spider genus Theridion (Araneae, Theridiidae) and the origin of the Hawaiian Theridion-like fauna. Zoologica Scripta.

  • Aviles, L., Maddison, W.P. and Agnarsson, I. 2006. A new independently derived social spider with explosive colony proliferation and a female size dimorphism. Biotropica, 38: 743-753.

  • Benjamin, S.P. and Zschokke, S. 2003. Webs of theridiid spiders: construction, structure and evolution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 78: 293-305.

  • Blackledge, T.A., Swindeman, J.E. and Hayashi, C.Y. 2005. Quasistatic and continuous dynamic characterization of the mechanical properties of silk from the cobweb of the black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208: 1937-1949.

  • Blackledge, T.A. and Zevenbergen, J.M. 2007. Condition dependent spider web architecture in the western black widow Latrodectus hesperus. Animal Behaviour, 73: 855-864.

  • Gillespie, R.G. and Tabashnik, B.E. 1994. Foraging Behavior of the Hawaiian Happy Face Spider (Araneae, Theridiidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87: 815-822.

  • Gillespie, R.G. and Tabashnik, B.E. 1989. What makes a happy face? Determinants of color pattern in the Hawaiian happy face spider Theridion grallator (Araneae, Theridiidae). Heredity, 62: 355-364.

  • Grostal, P. and Walter, D.E. 1997. Kleptoparasites or commensals? Effects of Argyrodes antipodianus (Araneae: Theridiidae) on nephila plumipes (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Oecologia, 111: 570-574.

  • Oxford, G.S. and Gillespie, R.G. 1996. Quantum shifts in the genetic control of a colour polymorphism in Theridion grallator (Araneae: Theridiidae), the Hawaiian happy-face spider. Heredity, 76: 249-256.

  • Oxford, G.S. and Gillespie, R.G. 1996. Genetics of a colour polymorphism in Theridion grallator (Araneae: Theridiidae), the Hawaiian happy-face spider, from greater Maui. Heredity, 76: 238-248.

  • Purcell, J. and Aviles, L. 2007. Smaller colonies and more solitary living mark higher elevation populations of a social spider. Journal of Animal Ecology, 76: 590-597.

  • Vollrath, F. 1979. Behavior of the Kleptoparasitic Spider Argyrodes-Elevatus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Animal Behaviour, 27: 515-521.


External links






  • Platnick, N.I. 2006. World Spider Catalog

  • Key to several Theridiidae genera

  • Tree of Life: Theridiidae

  • Theridiidae research









-

Popular posts from this blog

How to check contact read email or not when send email to Individual?

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP up vote 1 down vote favorite I'm using WordPress 4.9.8, CiviCRM to 5.5.1, I usually send email to contact by Search> Find contacts View contact details Action> Send email Send email ok, Contact received mail ok like picture But status only Email sent though contact read email or not. So, can CiviCRM can change status to Email read when contact read email? wordpress email share | improve this question asked Sep 26 at 0:12 ToanLuong 49 9 add a comment  |  up vote 1 down vote favorite I'm using WordPress 4.9.8, CiviCRM to 5.5.1, I usually send email to contact by Search> Find contacts View contact details Action> Send email Send email ok, Contact received mail ok like picture But status only Email sent though contact read email or not. So, can CiviCRM can change status to Email read when contact read email? wordpress email share | improve this questi...
Read more

Displaying single band from multi-band raster using QGIS

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP 1 How can I extract a single band from multi-band raster in QGIS? I have an remote sensed image which has 6 bands (including NDVI band), I want to display each band separately, but have no idea how to do. I have seen some questions similar here but none worked for me. The original image (has 6 bands) is: I want to display the band 6 which should be like this: But I tried gdal_translate, and couldn't get the correct result. What I have got is: qgis raster multi-band share | improve this question edited Mar 5 at 0:53 Summer asked Mar 4 at 6:42 Summer Summer 23 6 Is this any help gis.stackexchange.com/questions/220658/… ? if not gis.stackexchange.com/questions/62133/… might help. – Michael Stimson Mar 4 at 6:46 Thanks for answering but when I used gdal_translate, qgis showed that 'Error 4: Kayena.tif: No such file or directory". Would you know how to fi...
Read more

How many registers does an x86_64 CPU actually have?

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP up vote 2 down vote favorite I am currently learning reverse engineering and am studying the flags register. I had in my mind that rflags was just another name for one of the 16 general purpose registers, for example rax or rbx . But it looks like rflags is actually an additional register. So that makes 17 registers in total... how many more could there be? I have spent at least an hour on this and found numerous different answers. The best answer so far is this, which says that there are 40 registers in total. 16 General Purpose Registers 2 Status Registers 6 Code Segment Registers 16 SSE Registers 8 FPU/MMX Registers But if I add that up, I get 48. Could anybody provide an official answer on how many registers an x86_64 CPU has (e.g. an Intel i7). Additionally, I have seen references to 'hardware' and 'architectural' registers. What are those registers and how many are there? register x86-64 share | improve this...
Read more