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Earl Marshal
Arms of the Dukes of Norfolk as Earl Marshal.
Incumbent Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk since 24 June 2002
Style	His Grace
Inaugural holder	Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk (1672 creation)
Formation	1672 (current office granted by Letters Patent)

Earl Marshal (alternatively Marschal or Marischal) is a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign of the United Kingdom used in England (then, following the Act of Union 1800, in the United Kingdom). He is the eighth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Constable and above the Lord High Admiral.

The marshal was originally responsible, along with the constable, for the monarch's horses and stables including connected military operations. As a result of the decline of chivalry and sociocultural change, the position of Earl Marshal has evolved and among his responsibilities today is the organisation of major ceremonial state occasions like the monarch's coronation in Westminster Abbey and state funerals.^[1] He is also a leading officer of arms and oversees the College of Arms.

The current Earl Marshal is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, who inherited the position in 2002. There was formerly an Earl Marshal of Ireland and Earl Marischal of Scotland.

England

The office of royal marshal existed in much of Europe, involving managing horses and protecting the monarch. In England, the office became hereditary under John FitzGilbert the Marshal (served c.1130–1165) after The Anarchy, and rose in prominence under his second son, William Marshal, later Earl of Pembroke. He served under several kings, acted as regent, and organised funerals and the regency during Henry III's childhood. After passing through his daughter's husband to the Earls of Norfolk, the post evolved into "Earl Marshal" and the title remained unchanged, even after the earldom of Norfolk became a dukedom.

In the Middle Ages, the Earl Marshal and the Lord High Constable were the officers of the king's horses and stables. When chivalry declined in importance, the constable's post declined and the Earl Marshal became the head of the College of Arms, the body concerned with all matters of genealogy and heraldry. In conjunction with the Lord High Constable, he had held a court, known as the Court of Chivalry, for the administration of justice in accordance with the law of arms, which was concerned with many subjects relating to military matters, such as ransom, booty and soldiers' wages, and including the misuse of armorial bearings.

In 1672, the office of Marshal of England and the title of Earl Marshal of England were made hereditary in the Howard family.^[2][3][4] In a declaration made on 16 June 1673 by Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, the Lord Privy Seal, in reference to a dispute over the exercise of authority over the Officers of Arms the powers of the Earl Marshal were stated as being "to have power to order, judge, and determine all matters touching arms, ensigns of nobility, honour, and chivalry; to make laws, ordinances and statutes for the good government of the Officers of Arms; to nominate Officers to fill vacancies in the College of Arms; [and] to punish and correct Officers of Arms for misbehaviour in the execution of their places". Additionally it was declared that no patents of arms or any ensigns of nobility should be granted, and no augmentation, alteration, or addition should be made to arms, without the consent of the Earl Marshal.

The Earl Marshal is considered the eighth of the Great Officers of State, with the Lord High Constable above him and only the Lord High Admiral beneath him. Nowadays, the Earl Marshal's role has mainly to do with the organisation of major state ceremonies such as coronations and state funerals. Annually, the Earl Marshal helps organise the State Opening of Parliament. The Earl Marshal also remains to have charge over the College of Arms and no coat of arms may be granted without his warrant. As a symbol of his office, he carries a baton of gold with black finish at either end.

In the general order of precedence, the Earl Marshal is currently the highest hereditary position in the United Kingdom outside the Royal Family. Although other state and ecclesiastical officers rank above in precedence, they are not hereditary. The exception is the office of Lord Great Chamberlain, which is notionally higher than Earl Marshal and also hereditary, but as it is currently held by a marquess (Marquess of Cholmondeley), is consequently lower in the general order of precedence. The holding of the Earl Marshalship secures the Duke of Norfolk's traditional position as the "first peer" of the land, above all other dukes.^{[citation needed]}

The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, but the Act provided that the persons holding the office of Earl Marshal and, if a peer, the Lord Great Chamberlain continue for the time being to have seats so as to carry out their ceremonial functions in the House of Lords.

Ireland

Among the men who have held the title of Earl Marshal of Ireland are: -

• 
  William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1219)


• John Marshal (died 1235) (illegitimate son of John Marshal, brother of the above William Marshal, who died in 1194)


• William Marshal 'who joined the Barons against King Henry III and d. 1264' (grandson of the last-mentioned John Marshal)^[5]


• John Marshal, son of the last-mentioned and father of the next-mentioned.^[5]


• William Marshal, 1st Baron Marshal (died 1314)^[5]


• John Marshal, 2nd Baron Marshal (died 1316/17)^[5]


• Robert de Morley, 2nd Baron Morley (died 1360) (husband of Hawisia, sister of the last-mentioned John Marshal)^[6]


• William de Morley, 3rd Baron Morley (died 1379)^[6]


• 
  Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley (died 1416)^[6]


• 
  Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley (died 1435)^[6]

(The Barony of Morley was held by his descendants until it fell into abeyance in 1697)

• 
  Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex (1539–1576).

See

• A view of the legal institutions, honorary hereditary offices ... Walter Lynch, 1830, P 71


• Unpublished statute entered on the Chancery Roll, Dublin, in the year 1460, relative to the independence of Ireland


• Family Tree of the Marshal family, from J.H Round, "The king's serjeants & officers of state, with their coronation services" P368

Scotland

See Earl Marischal.

Lords Marshal of England, 1135–1386

Depiction by Matthew Paris (d.1259) of the arms of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1194–1219): Party per pale or and vert, overall a lion rampant gules

Arms of "Bigod Modern": Party per pale or and vert, overall a lion rampant gules, adopted by Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (1269–1306), after 1269 following his inheritance of the office of Marshal of England from the Marshal family

• 
  Gilbert Marshal ?–1129 (?)


• 
  John Marshal 1130–1165 (?)


• 
  John Marshal 1165–1194


• 
  William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 1194–1219


• 
  William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 1219–1231


• 
  Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke 1231–1234


• 
  Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke 1234–1241


• 
  Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke 1242–1245


• 
  Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke 1245


• 
  Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk 1245–1269


• 
  Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk 1269–1306


• 
  Robert de Clifford 1307–1308


• 
  Nicholas Seagrave 1308–1316


• 
  Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 1316–1338


• 
  William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury 1338-1344


• 
  Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk 1338–1377


• 
  Henry Percy, Lord Percy 1377


• 
  John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel, Lord Maltravers 1377–1383 (died 1379)


• 
  Thomas Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham 1385–1386

Earls Marshal of England, 1386–present

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Monarch (Reign)
	Thomas de Mowbray 1st Duke of Norfolk KG (1367/68–1399)	1386	1398	Richard II (1377–1399)
	Thomas Holland 1st Duke of Surrey KG (1374–1400)	1398	1399
	Ralph de Neville 1st Earl of Westmorland KG PC (c. 1364–1425)	1400	1412	Henry IV (1399–1413)
	John de Mowbray 2nd Duke of Norfolk KG (1392–1432)	1412	1432
				Henry V (1413–1422)
				Henry VI (1422–1461)
	John de Mowbray 3rd Duke of Norfolk KG (1415–1461)	1432	1461
	John de Mowbray 4th Duke of Norfolk KG (1444–1476)	1461	1476	Edward IV (1461–1470)
				Henry VI (1470–1471)
				Edward IV (1471–1483)
	Jointly: Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk 1476–1481[7] Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York 1478–1483 Sir Thomas Grey (acting) 1476–1483	1476	1483
				Edward V (1483–1483)
	John Howard 1st Duke of Norfolk KG (c. 1425–1485)	1483	1485	Richard III (1483–1485)
	William de Berkeley 1st Marquess of Berkeley PC (1426–1492)	1486	1492	Henry VII (1485–1509)
	Lord Henry Duke of York KG PC (1491–1547)	1494	1509
	Thomas Howard 2nd Duke of Norfolk KG PC (1443–1524)	1509	1524	Henry VIII (1509–1547)
	Charles Brandon 1st Duke of Suffolk KG (1484–1545)	1524	1533
	Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk KG PC (1473–1554)	1533	1547
	Edward Seymour 1st Duke of Somerset KG (c. 1500–1552)	1547	1551	Edward VI (1547–1553)
	John Dudley 1st Duke of Northumberland KG PC (1504–1553)	1551	1553
	Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk KG PC (1473–1554)	1553	1554	Mary I (1553–1558)
	Thomas Howard 4th Duke of Norfolk KG (1536–1572)	1554	1572
				Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
	George Talbot 6th Earl of Shrewsbury KG (1528–1590)	1572	1590
	In commission: William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley Charles Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham	1590	1597
	Robert Devereux 2nd Earl of Essex KG PC (1565–1601)	1597	1601
	In commission	1602	1603
	Edward Somerset 4th Earl of Worcester KG (c. 1550–1628)	1603	1603	James I (1603–1625)
	In commission:[8] Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devon	1604	1616
	In commission:[8] Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke	1616	1622
	Thomas Howard Earl of Arundel and Surrey PC (1586–1646)	1622	1646
				Charles I (1625–1649)
	Henry Howard Earl of Arundel and Surrey PC (1608–1652)	1646	1652
	Vacant	1652	1661	Interregnum (1649–1660)
	James Howard 3rd Earl of Suffolk (1606/07–1688)	1661	1662	Charles II (1660–1685)
	In commission:[9] Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton John Robartes, 1st Baron Robartes Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland	1662	1672
	Henry Howard 6th Duke of Norfolk (1628–1684)	1672	1684
	Henry Howard 7th Duke of Norfolk KG PC (1655–1701)	1684	1701
				James II (1685–1688)
				Mary II (1689–1694) William III (1689–1702)
	Thomas Howard 8th Duke of Norfolk (1683–1732)	1701	1732
				Anne (1702–1714)
				George I (1714–1727)
				George II (1727–1760)
	Edward Howard 9th Duke of Norfolk (1686–1777)	1732	1777
				George III (1760–1820)
	Charles Howard 10th Duke of Norfolk (1720–1786)	1777	1786
	Charles Howard 11th Duke of Norfolk (1746–1815)	1786	1815
	Bernard Edward Howard 12th Duke of Norfolk KG PC FRS (1765–1842)	1815	1842
				George IV (1820–1830)
				William IV (1830–1837)
				Victoria (1837–1901)
	Henry Charles Howard 13th Duke of Norfolk KG PC (1791–1856)	1842	1856
	Henry Granville Fitzalan-Howard 14th Duke of Norfolk (1815–1860)	1856	1860
	Henry Fitzalan-Howard 15th Duke of Norfolk KG GCVO VD PC (1847–1917)	1860	1917
				Edward VII (1901–1910)
				George V (1910–1936)
	Bernard Marmaduke Fitzalan-Howard 16th Duke of Norfolk KG GCVO GBE TD PC (1908–1975)	1917	1975
				Edward VIII (1936)
				George VI (1936–1952)
				Elizabeth II (1952–present)
	Miles Fitzalan-Howard 17th Duke of Norfolk KG GCVO CB CBE MC DL (1915–2002)	1975	2002
	Edward William Fitzalan-Howard 18th Duke of Norfolk DL (born 1956)	2002	Incumbent

Deputy Earls Marshal

The position of Earl Marshal had a Deputy called the Knight Marshal from the reign of Henry VIII until the office was abolished in 1846.^[10]

Deputy Earls Marshal have been named at various times, discharging the responsibilities of the office during the minority or infirmity of the Earl Marshal. Prior to an Act of Parliament in 1824, Protestant deputies were required when the Earl Marshal was a Roman Catholic.

See also

• Lord Lyon King of Arms

Notes

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References

• 
   Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Earl Marshal". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  


• Sliford, William (1782). The Court Register and Statesman's Remembrancer
  


• Round, J.H. (1899) The Commune of London, and other Studies. Westminster: Constable.


• Debretts.com


• 
  Tudorplace.com^{[unreliable source]}