Welsh people


This article is about the ethnic group and nation. For information about residents in Wales, see Demographics of Wales.

















Welsh people
Cymry

Flag of Wales (1959–present).svg
Flag of Wales

Total population

c. 6–16.3 million[1]
Regions with significant populations

 Wales 3.2 million[1][2][3][4]
(Welsh descent only)

 United States
1.75–1.81 million[5]

 England
609,711[6]

 Canada
474,805 (Includes those of mixed ancestry)[7]

 Australia
125,597[8]

 Argentina
50,000[9]

 Scotland
16,623[10]

 New Zealand
9,966[11][12]
Languages

English, Welsh
Religion
Predominantly Christianity, traditionally Nonconformist
Related ethnic groups

Bretons, Cornish, Manx, English, Scottish, Irish, Ulster-Scots

The Welsh (Welsh: Cymry) are a Celtic[13][14]nation and ethnic group native to, or otherwise associated with, Wales, Welsh culture, Welsh history and the Welsh language. Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, and the majority of people living in Wales are British citizens.[15]


The language, which falls within the Insular Celtic family, has historically been spoken throughout Wales, with its predecessor Common Brittonic once spoken throughout most of the island of Great Britain. Prior to the 20th century, large numbers of Welsh people spoke only Welsh, with little or no fluent knowledge of English.[16] Welsh remains the predominant language in parts of Wales, particularly in North Wales and West Wales. English is the predominant language in South Wales. Many Welsh people, even in predominately English-speaking areas of Wales, are fluent or semi-fluent in Welsh or, to varying degrees, capable of speaking or understanding Welsh at limited or conversational proficiency levels. Although the Welsh language and its ancestors have been spoken in what is now Wales since well before the Roman incursions into Britain, historian John Davies argues that the origin of the "Welsh nation" can be traced to the late 4th and early 5th centuries, following the Roman departure.[17] The term "Welsh people" applies to people from Wales and people of Welsh ancestry perceiving themselves or being perceived as sharing a cultural heritage and shared ancestral origins.[18]


In 2016, an analysis of the geography of Welsh surnames commissioned by the Welsh Government found that 718,000 people (nearly 35% of the Welsh population) have a family name of Welsh origin, compared with 5.3% in the rest of the United Kingdom, 4.7% in New Zealand, 4.1% in Australia, and 3.8% in the United States, with an estimated 16.3 million people in the countries studied having at least partial Welsh ancestry.[1] Over 300,000 Welsh people live in London alone.[19]




Contents





  • 1 Terminology


  • 2 History


  • 3 Current identity

    • 3.1 2001 census


    • 3.2 2011 census


    • 3.3 Surveys



  • 4 Culture

    • 4.1 Language


    • 4.2 Religion



  • 5 National symbols


  • 6 Welsh emigration


  • 7 See also


  • 8 References


  • 9 Further reading


  • 10 External links




Terminology


The names "Wales" and "Welsh" are traced to the Proto-Germanic word "Walhaz" meaning "foreigner", "stranger", "Roman", "Romance-speaker", or "Celtic-speaker" which was used by the ancient Germanic peoples to describe inhabitants of the former Roman Empire, who were largely romanised and spoke Latin or Celtic languages.[20] The same etymological origin is shared by the names of various other Celtic or Latin peoples such as the Walloons and the Vlachs, as well as of the Swiss canton of Valais. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales. These words (both of which are pronounced [ˈkəm.rɨ]) are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning "fellow-countrymen".[21][22]


Thus, they carry a sense of "land of fellow-countrymen", "our country", and notions of fraternity. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the post-Roman Era relationship of the Welsh with the Brythonic-speaking peoples of northern England and southern Scotland, the peoples of "Yr Hen Ogledd" (English: The Old North).[23] The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century.[24]
It is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan (Moliant Cadwallon,[25] by Afan Ferddig) c. 633.[26] In Welsh literature, the word Cymry was used throughout the Middle Ages to describe the Welsh, though the older, more generic term Brythoniaid continued to be used to describe any of the Britonnic peoples (including the Welsh) and was the more common literary term until c. 1100. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh. Until c. 1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland.[22]



History


See also: History of Wales and Genetic history of the British Isles



Sculpture of Owain Glyndŵr, the last native Welsh person to hold the title Prince of Wales


During their time in Britain, the ancient Romans encountered tribes in present-day Wales that they called the Ordovices, the Demetae, the Silures and the Deceangli.[27] The people of what is now Wales were not distinguished from the rest of the peoples of southern Britain; all were called Britons and spoke the common British language, a Brythonic Celtic tongue.[28] Celtic language and culture seems to have arrived in Britain during the Iron Age, though some archaeologists argue that there is no evidence for large-scale Iron Age migrations into Great Britain.[29] The claim has also been made that Indo-European languages may have been introduced to the British Isles as early as the early Neolithic (or even earlier), with Goidelic and Brythonic languages developing indigenously.[29][30] Others hold that the close similarity between the Goidelic and Brythonic branches, and their sharing of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age terminology with their continental relatives, point to a more recent introduction of Indo-European languages (or close communication), with Proto-Celtic itself unlikely to have existed before the end of the 2nd millennium BC at the earliest.[31] The genetic evidence in this case would show that the change to Celtic languages in Britain may have occurred as a cultural shift rather than through migration as was previously supposed.


Some current genetic research supports the idea that people living in the British Isles are likely mainly descended from the indigenous European Paleolithic (Old Stone Age hunter gatherers) population (about 80%), with a smaller Neolithic (New Stone Age farmers) input (about 20%).[32] Paleolithic Europeans seem to have been a homogeneous population, possibly due to a population bottleneck (or near-extinction event) on the Iberian peninsula, where a small human population is thought to have survived the glaciation, and expanded into Europe during the Mesolithic.[citation needed] The assumed genetic imprint of Neolithic incomers is seen as a cline, with stronger Neolithic representation in the east of Europe and stronger Paleolithic representation in the west of Europe.[32][33] Most in Wales today regard themselves as modern Celts, claiming a heritage back to the Iron Age tribes, which themselves, based on modern genetic analysis, would appear to have had a predominantly Paleolithic and Neolithic indigenous ancestry. When the Roman legions departed Britain around 400, a Romano-British culture remained in the areas the Romans had settled, and the pre-Roman cultures in others.[34]


In two recently published books, Blood of the Isles, by Brian Sykes and The Origins of the British, by Stephen Oppenheimer, both authors state that according to genetic evidence, most Welsh people, like most Britons, descend from the Iberian Peninsula in Southwest Europe, as a result of different migrations that took place during the Mesolithic and the Neolithic eras, and which laid the foundations for the present-day populations in the British Isles, indicating an ancient relationship among the populations of Atlantic Europe.[35][36][37] According to Stephen Oppenheimer 96% of lineages in Llangefni in north Wales derive from Iberia. Genetic research on the Y-chromosome has shown that the Welsh, like the Irish, share a large proportion of their ancestry with the Basques of Northern Spain and South Western France, although the Welsh have a greater presumed Neolithic input than both the Irish and the Basques.[38] Genetic marker R1b averages from 83–89% amongst the Welsh.[38][39]


DNA research conducted by CymruDNA Wales has shown that a percentage of Welshmen living today are descended from ancient Kings and Princes of Wales, the quintessential DNA signature R-L371 aka S300 snp downstream from R1b-L21 (S145) is believed to have originated in North Wales around 1000 AD.[40][41][42][43] Recent DNA evidence suggests that Welsh people descended specifically from middle eastern DNA carriers, an idea previously proposed at least as early as the 19th century, in History of the Welsh Baptist by Jonathan Davis. [44]


The people in what is now Wales continued to speak Brythonic languages with additions from Latin, as did some other Celts in areas of Great Britain. The surviving poem Y Gododdin is in early Welsh and refers to the Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin with a capital at Din Eidyn (Edinburgh) and extending from the area of Stirling to the Tyne.[45] John Davies places the change from Brythonic to Welsh between 400 and 700.[21]Offa's Dyke was erected in the mid-8th century, forming a barrier between Wales and Mercia.[46]


Gene scientists at University College London (UCL) have claimed that the Welsh are the "true" Britons and are remnants of the Celts that were pushed out by nearby Anglo-Saxon invaders after the Roman withdrawal in the fifth century. The genetic tests suggested that between 50% and 100% of the indigenous population of what was to become England was wiped out. In 2001, research for a BBC programme on the Vikings suggested a possible strong link between the Celts and Basques, dating back tens of thousands of years. The UCL research suggested a migration on a huge scale during the Anglo-Saxon period.[47]


"It appears England is made up of an ethnic cleansing event from people coming across from the continent after the Romans left," said Dr Mark Thomas, of the Centre for Genetic Anthropology at UCL. "Our findings completely overturn the modern view of the origins of the English."[47]


The process whereby the indigenous population of 'Wales' came to think of themselves as Welsh is not clear. There is plenty of evidence of the use of the term Brythoniaid (Britons); by contrast, the earliest use of the word Kymry (referring not to the people but to the land—and possibly to northern Britain in addition to modern day territory of Wales) is found in a poem dated to about 633. The name of the region in northern England now known as Cumbria is derived from the same root.[48] Only gradually did Cymru (the land) and Cymry (the people) come to supplant Brython. Although the Welsh language was certainly used at the time, Gwyn A. Williams argues that even at the time of the erection of Offa's Dyke, the people to its west saw themselves as Roman, citing the number of Latin inscriptions still being made into the 8th century.[49] However, it is unclear whether such inscriptions reveal a general or normative use of Latin as a marker of identity or its selective use by the early Christian Church.


There was immigration to Wales after the Norman Conquest, several Normans encouraged immigration to their new lands; the Landsker Line dividing the Pembrokeshire "Englishry" and "Welshry" is still detectable today.[50] The terms Englishry and Welshry are used similarly about Gower.[51]



























Year

Population of Wales
1536278,000
1620360,000
1770500,000
1801587,000
18511,163,000
19112,421,000
19212,656,000
19392,487,000
19612,644,000
19912,644,000
20113,063,456[52]

The population of Wales doubled from 587,000 in 1801 to 1,163,000 in 1851 and had reached 2,421,000 by 1911. Most of the increase came in the coal mining districts especially Glamorganshire, which grew from 71,000 in 1801 to 232,000 in 1851 and 1,122,000 in 1911.[53] Part of this increase can be attributed to the demographic transition seen in most industrialising countries during the Industrial Revolution, as death-rates dropped and birth-rates remained steady. However, there was also a large-scale migration of people into Wales during the industrial revolution. The English were the most numerous group, but there were also considerable numbers of Irish and smaller numbers of other ethnic groups,[54][55] including Italians migrated to South Wales.[56] Wales received other immigration from various parts of the British Commonwealth of Nations in the 20th century, and African-Caribbean and Asian communities add to the ethno-cultural mix, particularly in urban Wales. Many of these self-identify as Welsh.[57]



Current identity



2001 census


It is uncertain how many people in Wales consider themselves to be of Welsh ethnicity, because the 2001 UK census did not offer 'Welsh' as an option; respondents had to use a box marked "Other". Ninety-six per cent of the population of Wales thus described themselves as being White British.[58] Controversy surrounding the method of determining ethnicity began as early as 2000, when it was revealed that respondents in Scotland and Northern Ireland would be able to tick a box describing themselves as of Scottish or of Irish ethnicity, an option not available for Welsh or English respondents.[59][60] Prior to the census, Plaid Cymru backed a petition calling for the inclusion of a Welsh tick-box and for the National Assembly to have primary law-making powers and its own National Statistics Office.[59]


In the absence of a Welsh tick-box, the only other plausible tick-boxes available were 'white-British,' 'Irish', or 'other'.[59] The Scottish parliament insisted that a Scottish ethnicity tick-box be included in the census in Scotland, and with this inclusion as many as 88.11% claimed Scottish ethnicity.[61] Critics argued that a higher proportion of respondents would have described themselves as of Welsh ethnicity had a Welsh tick-box been made available. Additional criticism was levelled at the timing of the census, which was taken in the middle of the Foot and Mouth crisis of 2001, a fact organizers said did not affect the results.[58] However, the Foot and Mouth crisis did delay the UK General Elections, the first time since the Second World War any event postponed an election.


In the census, as many as 14% of the population took the 'extra step' to write in that they were of Welsh ethnicity.[62] The highest percentage of those identifying as of Welsh ethnicity was recorded in Gwynedd (at 27%), followed by Carmarthenshire (23%), Ceredigion (22%) and the Isle of Anglesey (19%).[62] Among respondents between 16 and 74 years of age, those claiming Welsh ethnicity were predominantly in professional and managerial occupations.[62]



2011 census


In advance of the 2011 UK Census, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) launched a census consultation exercise. They received replies from 28 different Welsh organisations and a large proportion of these referred to Welsh ethnicity, language or identity.[63]


For the first time ever in British census history the 2011 Census gave the opportunity for people to describe their identity as Welsh or English. A 'dress rehearsal' of the Census was carried out on the Welsh island of Anglesey because of its rural nature and its high numbers of Welsh speakers.[63]


The Census, taken on 27 March 2011, asked a number of questions relating to nationality and national identity, including What is your country of birth? ('Wales' was one of the options), How would you describe your national identity? (for the first time 'Welsh' and 'English' were included as options), What is your ethnic group? ('White Welsh/English/Scottish/Northern Irish/British' was an option) and Can you understand, speak, read or write Welsh?.[64]


As of the 2011 census in Wales, 66 per cent (2.0 million) of residents reported a Welsh national identity (either on its own or combined with other identities). Most residents of Wales (96 per cent, 2.9 million) reported at least one national identity of English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish, or British. Of the 66 per cent (2.0 million) of Welsh residents who considered themselves to have a Welsh national identity in Wales in 2011, 218,000 responded that they had Welsh and British national identity. Just under 17 per cent (519,000) of people in Wales considered themselves to have a British national identity only.[65]



Surveys


A survey published in 2001, by the Centre for Research into Elections and Social Trends at Oxford University (sample size 1161), found that 14.6 per cent of respondents described themselves as British, not Welsh; 8.3 per cent saw themselves as more British than Welsh; 39.0 per cent described themselves as equally Welsh and British; 20.2 per cent saw themselves as more Welsh than British; and 17.9 per cent described themselves as Welsh, not British.[66]



Culture


See also: Culture of Wales












Part of a series on the
Culture of Wales
Flag of Wales (1959–present).svg

History

People











Religion

Art
















  • Flag of Wales (1959–present).svg Wales portal

  • v

  • t

  • e


Language


Main articles: Welsh language, history of the Welsh language, and Welsh English



The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census who said they could speak Welsh.


According to the 2001 census the number of Welsh speakers in Wales increased for the first time in 100 years, with 20.5% of a population of over 2.9 million claiming fluency in Welsh.[58] In addition, 28% of the population of Wales claimed to understand Welsh.[58] The census revealed that the increase was most significant in urban areas, such as Cardiff with an increase from 6.6% in 1991 to 10.9% in 2001, and Rhondda Cynon Taf with an increase from 9% in 1991 to 12.3% in 2001.[58] However, the proportion of Welsh speakers declined in Gwynedd from 72.1% in 1991 to 68.7% in 2001, and in Ceredigion from 59.1% in 1991 to 51.8% in 2001.[58] The greatest fluctuation was in Ceredigion, with a 19.5% influx of new residents since 1991.[58]


The decline in Welsh speakers in much of rural Wales is attributable to non-Welsh-speaking residents moving to North Wales, driving up property prices above what locals may afford, according to former Gwynedd county councillor Seimon Glyn of Plaid Cymru, whose controversial comments in 2001 focused attention on the issue.[58] As many as a third of all properties in Gwynedd are bought by people from outside Wales.[67] The issue of locals being priced out of the local housing market is common to many rural communities throughout Britain, but in Wales the added dimension of language complicates the issue, as many new residents do not learn the Welsh language.[68]


A Plaid Cymru taskforce headed by Dafydd Wigley recommended land should be allocated for affordable local housing, called for grants for locals to buy houses, and recommended that council tax on holiday homes should double.[69]


However, the same census shows that 25% of residents were born outside Wales. The number of Welsh speakers in other places in Britain is uncertain, but there are significant numbers in the main cities, and there are speakers along the Welsh-English border.


Even among Welsh speakers, very few people speak only Welsh, with nearly all being bilingual in English. However, a large number of Welsh speakers are more comfortable expressing themselves in Welsh than in English. Some prefer to speak English in South Wales or the urbanised areas and Welsh in the North or in rural areas. A speaker's choice of language can vary according to the subject domain (known in linguistics as code-switching).


Due to an increase in Welsh-language nursery education, recent census data reveals a reversal of decades of linguistic decline: there are now more Welsh speakers under five years of age than over 60. For many young people in Wales, the acquisition of Welsh is a gateway to better careers, according to research from the Welsh Language Board and Careers Wales.[70] The Welsh Government identified media as one of six areas likely to experience greater demand for Welsh speakers:[70] the sector is Wales's third largest revenue earner.


Although Welsh is a minority language, and thus threatened by the dominance of English, support for the language grew during the second half of the 20th century, along with the rise of Welsh nationalism in the form of groups such as the political party Plaid Cymru and Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (Welsh Language Society). The language is used in the bilingual Welsh Assembly and entered on its records, with English translation. The high costs of translation from English to Welsh have proved controversial.[71] Technically it is not supposed to be used in the British Parliament as it is referred to as a "foreign language" and is effectively banned as disruptive behaviour,[72] but several Speakers (most notably George Thomas, 1st Viscount Tonypandy, himself born in Wales, near Tonypandy) spoke some Welsh within longer English-language speeches.[citation needed]


Welsh as a first language is largely concentrated in the less urban north and west of Wales, principally Gwynedd, inland Denbighshire, northern and south-western Powys, the Isle of Anglesey, Carmarthenshire, North Pembrokeshire, Ceredigion, and parts of western Glamorgan, although first-language and other fluent speakers can be found throughout Wales. However, Cardiff is now home to an urban Welsh-speaking population (both from other parts of Wales and from the growing Welsh-medium schools of Cardiff itself) due to the centralisation and concentration of national resources and organisations in the capital.


For some, speaking Welsh is an important part of their Welsh identity. Parts of the culture are strongly connected to the language — notably the Eisteddfod tradition, poetry and aspects of folk music and dance. Wales also has a strong tradition of poetry in the English language.


Patagonian Welsh (Cymraeg y Wladfa)[73] is a dialect of the Welsh language which is spoken in Y Wladfa in the Argentine region, Patagonia.



Religion


See also: Religion in Wales

Most Welsh people of faith are affiliated with the Church in Wales or other Christian denominations such as the Presbyterian Church of Wales,[74] Catholicism, and Russian Orthodox Christianity.[75][76] Wales has a long tradition of nonconformism and Methodism. Other religions Welsh people may be affiliated with include Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, and Sikhism.


The 2001 Census showed that slightly less than 10% of the Welsh population are regular church or chapel goers (a slightly smaller proportion than in England or Scotland), although about 70% of the population see themselves as some form of Christian. Judaism has quite a long history in Wales, with a Jewish community recorded in Swansea from around 1730. In August 1911, during a period of public order and industrial disputes, Jewish shops across the South Wales coalfield were damaged by mobs. Since that time the Jewish population of that area, which reached a peak of 4,000–5,000 in 1913, has declined with only Cardiff retaining a sizeable Jewish population, of about 2000 in the 2001 Census. The largest non-Christian faith in Wales is Islam, with about 22,000 members in 2001 served by about 40 mosques, following the first mosque established in Cardiff in 1860. A college for training clerics has been established at Llanybydder in West Wales. Islam arrived in Wales in the mid 19th century, and it is thought that Cardiff's Yemeni community is Britain's oldest Muslim community, established when the city was one of the world's largest coal-exporting ports. Hinduism and Buddhism each have about 5,000 adherents in Wales, with the rural county of Ceredigion being the centre of Welsh Buddhism. Govinda's temple and restaurant, run by the Hare Krishnas in Swansea, is a focal point for many Welsh Hindus. There are about 2,000 Sikhs in Wales, with the first purpose-built gurdwara opened in the Riverside area of Cardiff in 1989. In 2001 some 7,000 people classified themselves as following "other religions" including a reconstructed form of Druidism, which was the pre-Christian religion of Wales (not to be confused with the Druids of the Gorsedd at the National Eisteddfod of Wales). Approximately one sixth of the population, some 500,000 people, profess no religious faith whatsoever.


The sabbatarian temperance movement was also historically strong among the Welsh, the sale of alcohol being prohibited on Sundays in Wales by the Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 – the first legislation specifically issued for Wales since the Middle Ages. From the early 1960s, local council areas were permitted to hold referendums every seven years to determine whether they should be "wet" or "dry" on Sundays: most of the industrialised areas in the east and south went "wet" immediately, and by the 1980s the last district, Dwyfor in the northwest, went wet; since then there have been no more Sunday-closing referendums.



National symbols


Main article: National symbols of Wales

  • The Flag of Wales (Y Ddraig Goch) incorporates the red dragon, a popular symbol of Wales and the Welsh people, along with the Tudor colours of green and white. It was used by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, after which it was carried in state to St. Paul's Cathedral. The red dragon was then included in the Tudor royal arms to signify their Welsh descent. It was officially recognised as the Welsh national flag in 1959. Since the British Union Flag does not have any Welsh representation, the Flag of Wales has become very popular.

  • The Flag of Saint David is sometimes used as an alternative to the national flag, and is flown on Saint David's Day.

  • The dragon, part of the national flag design, is also a popular Welsh symbol. The oldest recorded use of the dragon to symbolise Wales is from the Historia Brittonum, written around 820, but it is popularly supposed to have been the battle standard of King Arthur and other ancient Celtic leaders. Following the annexation of Wales by England, the dragon was used as a supporter in the English monarch's coat of arms.

  • Both the daffodil and the leek are symbols of Wales. The origin of the leek can be traced back to the 16th century and the daffodil, encouraged by David Lloyd George, became popular in the 19th century.[77] This may be due to confusion of the Welsh for leek, cenhinen, and that for daffodil, cenhinen Bedr or St. Peter's leek. Both are worn as symbols by the Welsh on Saint David's Day, 1 March.

  • The Prince of Wales's Feathers, the heraldic badge of the Prince of Wales, is sometimes adapted by Welsh bodies for use in Wales. The symbolism is explained on the article for Edward, the Black Prince, who was the first Prince of Wales to bear the emblem. The Welsh Rugby Union uses such a design for its own badge.


Welsh emigration




Flag of the city of Puerto Madryn, Argentina, inspired by the Flag of Wales, owing to the Welsh immigration


There has been migration from Wales to the rest of Britain throughout its history. During the Industrial Revolution thousands of Welsh people migrated, for example, to Liverpool and Ashton-in-Makerfield.[78][79] As a result, some people from England, Scotland and Ireland have Welsh surnames.[80][81][82][83]





John Adams, the second President of the United States (1797–1801), whose paternal great-grandfather David Adams was born and bred at "Fferm Penybanc", Llanboidy, Carmarthenshire, Wales[84] and who emigrated from Wales in 1675.


Other Welsh settlers moved to other parts of Europe, concentrated in certain areas. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a small wave of contract miners from Wales arrived in Northern France; the centres of Welsh-French population are in coal mining towns of the French department of Pas-de-Calais.[citation needed] Welsh settlers from Wales (and later Patagonian Welsh) arrived in Newfoundland in the early 1900s, and founded towns Labrador's coast region.[citation needed]
In 1852 Thomas Benbow Phillips of Tregaron established a settlement of about 100 Welsh people in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.


Internationally Welsh people have emigrated, in relatively small numbers (in proportion to population, Irish emigration to the USA may have been 26 times greater than Welsh emigration),[85] to many countries, including the USA (in particular, Pennsylvania), Canada and Y Wladfa in Patagonia, Argentina.[86][87][88]Jackson County, Ohio was sometimes referred to as "Little Wales", and the Welsh language was commonly heard or spoken among locals by the mid 20th century.[citation needed]Malad City in Idaho, which began as a Welsh Mormon settlement, lays claim to a greater proportion of inhabitants of Welsh descent than anywhere outside Wales itself.[89] Malad's local High School is known as the "Malad Dragons", and flies the Welsh Flag as its school colours.[90] Welsh people have also settled in New Zealand and Australia.[85][91]


Around 1.75 million Americans report themselves to have Welsh ancestry, as did 458,705 Canadians in Canada's 2011 census.[5][7] This compares with 2.9 million people living in Wales (as of the 2001 census).[92]


There is no known evidence which would objectively support the legend that the Mandan, a Native American tribe of the central United States, are Welsh emigrants who reached North America under Prince Madog in 1170.[93]


The Ukrainian city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by a Welsh businessman, John Hughes (an engineer from Merthyr Tydfil) who constructed a steel plant and several coal mines in the region; the town was thus named Yuzovka (Юзовка) in recognition of his role in its founding ("Yuz" being a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes).[94]


Former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Wales. After she suffered from bronchopneumonia as a child, her parents were advised that it would aid her recovery to live in a warmer climate. This led the family to migrate to Australia in 1966, settling in Adelaide.



See also



  • List of Welsh people

  • Modern Celts

  • Welsh American

  • Welsh Canadian

  • Welsh Australian

  • Welsh Argentine

  • Welsh History in Chicago

  • Welsh immigration

  • Welsh Italians

  • Welsh New Zealander

  • Y Wladfa


References






  1. ^ abc Richard Webber. "The Welsh diaspora : Analysis of the geography of Welsh names" (PDF). Welsh Assembly. Retrieved 26 June 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output qquotes:"""""""'""'".mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolor:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em


  2. ^ "2011 Census - Population and Household Estimates for Wales, March 2011" (PDF). ons.gov.uk. 16 July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.


  3. ^ "2011 Census - Population and Household Estimates for Wales" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. March 2011. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2012.


  4. ^ "2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 11 December 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.


  5. ^ ab "2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.


  6. ^ Neighbourhood Statistics. "Welsh people in England". Neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  7. ^ ab Statistics Canada. "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.


  8. ^ Australian Government - Department of Immigration and Border Protection. "Welsh Australians". Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.


  9. ^ "Wales and Argentina". Wales.com website. Welsh Government. 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
    [permanent dead link]


  10. ^ "City of Aberdeen: Census Stats and Facts page 25, section 18, Country of birth" (PDF). City of Aberdeen. 2003. Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.


  11. ^ [1]


  12. ^ The 1996 census, which used a slightly different question, reported 9,966 people belonging to the Welsh ethnic group. Archived 8 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine.


  13. ^ Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 179. ISBN 0313309841. The Cornish are related to the other Celtic peoples of Europe, the Bretons,* Irish,* Scots,* Manx,* Welsh,* and the Galicians* of northwestern Spain


  14. ^ Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 766. ISBN 0313309841. Celts, 257, 278, 523, 533, 555, 643; Bretons, 129-33; Cornish, 178-81; Galicians, 277-80; Irish, 330-37; Manx, 452-55; Scots, 607-12; Welsh


  15. ^ "The Countries of the UK". statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2008.


  16. ^ Janet Davies, University of Wales Press, Bath (1993). The Welsh Language, page 34


  17. ^ Davies, John (1994) A History of Wales. Penguin: p.54;
    ISBN 0-14-014581-8.


  18. ^ The Welsh people: chapters on their origin, history and laws by Sir John Rhys, Sir David Brynmor Jones. 1969


  19. ^ "Canolfan i 300,000 o Gymry" [Centre for 300,000 Welsh]. BBC (in Welsh). 5 November 2014. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.


  20. ^ Davies, J. A history of Wales p. 69


  21. ^ ab Davies, John, A History of Wales, published 1990 by Penguin,
    ISBN 0-14-014581-8


  22. ^ ab Davies (1994) p. 69


  23. ^ Lloyd, John Edward (1911). "A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest (Note to Chapter VI, the Name "Cymry")". I (Second ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Co. (published 1912): 191–192.


  24. ^ Phillimore, Egerton (1891). "Note (a) to The Settlement of Brittany". In Phillimore, Egerton. Y Cymmrodor. XI. London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (published 1892). pp. 97–101.


  25. ^ The poem is available online at Wikisource.


  26. ^ Davies (1994) p. 71, The poem contains the line: 'Ar wynep Kymry Cadwallawn was'.


  27. ^ Cunliffe, B. Iron Age communities in Britainpp. 115–118


  28. ^ "BBC History – Ancient History in-depth:Native Tribes of Britain". BBC website “The Deceangli, the Ordovices and the Silures were the three main tribe groups who lived in the mountains of what is today called Wales. However, in prehistory Wales, England and Scotland did not exist in anyway as distinctive entities in the ways they have done so for the last 1000 years. “. BBC. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.


  29. ^ ab Iron Age Britain by Barry Cunliffe. Batsford.
    ISBN 0-7134-8839-5.


  30. ^ Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans by Francis Pryor, pp. 121–122. Harper Perennial.
    ISBN 0-00-712693-X.


  31. ^ Mallory, J.P. In Search of the Indo-Europeans pp. 106–107, Thames & Hudson


  32. ^ ab "Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans by Isabelle Dupanloup, Giorgio Bertorelle, Lounès Chikhi and Guido Barbujani (2004). ''Molecular Biology and Evolution'': 21(7):1361–1372. Retrieved 10 July 2006". Mbe.oxfordjournals.org. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh135. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  33. ^ del Giorgio, J.F. 2006. The Oldest Europeans. A.J. Place,
    ISBN 980-6898-00-1


  34. ^ "What happened after the fall of the Roman Empire?". BBC. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  35. ^ "Special report: 'Myths of British ancestry' by Stephen Oppenheimer". Prospect-magazine.co.uk. 21 October 2006. Archived from the original on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  36. ^ Adams, Guy (20 September 2006). "'Celts descended from Spanish fishermen, study finds'-This Britain, UK-The Independent 20 September 2006". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  37. ^ Wilson, JF; Weiss, DA; Richards, M; Thomas, MG; Bradman, N; Goldstein, DB (2001). "From the Cover: Genetic evidence for different male and female roles during cultural transitions in the British Isles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (9): 5078–5083. doi:10.1073/pnas.071036898. PMC 33166. PMID 11287634.


  38. ^ ab "Genes link Celts to Basques 3 April 2001". BBC News. 3 April 2001. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  39. ^ "High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations". Mbe.oxfordjournals.org. 22 October 1964. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  40. ^ Bevan, Nathan (25 September 2014). "Dafydd Iwan's rare genetic roots unveiled in new project". walesonline. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.


  41. ^ Bodden, Tom (26 September 2014). "Dafydd Iwan 'descended from Welsh kings' who ruled in England". northwales. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.


  42. ^ "L371 (L21>DF13>L371) aka S300 and 17-14-10". anthrogenica.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.


  43. ^ Bevan, Nathan (18 December 2014). "DNA survey reveals 25% of Welsh men directly descended from ancient kings and warlords". walesonline. Archived from the original on 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.


  44. ^ Radford, Tim (28 December 2015). "Irish DNA originated in Middle East and eastern Europe". Theguardian.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2017.


  45. ^ Jarman, A.O.H. 1988. Y Gododdin: Britain's earliest heroic poem p. xviii


  46. ^ Davies, J. A history of Wales pp. 65–6


  47. ^ ab BBC News|Wales English and Welsh are races apart Archived 16 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.. 30 June 2002. Retrieved 21 October 2011


  48. ^ Williams, Ifor. 1972. The beginnings of Welsh poetry University of Wales Press. p. 71


  49. ^ Williams, Gwyn A., The Welsh in their History, published 1982 by Croom Helm,
    ISBN 0-7099-3651-6


  50. ^ "The Flemish colonists in Wales: ''BBC'' website. Retrieved 17 August 2006". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  51. ^ "Gower Historical Processes, Themes and Background". Ggat.org.uk. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  52. ^ John Davies (1993). A History of Wales. Penguin. pp. 258–59, 319.; Census 2001, 200 Years of the Census in ... Wales (2001)
    2011 Census, Population Estimates for UK


  53. ^ Brian R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962) pp 20, 22


  54. ^ "Industrial Revolution". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 September 2005. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  55. ^ LSJ Services [Wales] Ltd. "Population ''therhondda.co.uk''. Retrieved 9 May 2006". Therhondda.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 May 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  56. ^ "BBC Wales — History — Themes — Italian immigration". BBC. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  57. ^ Interview with Mohammed Asghar AM Archived 18 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.


  58. ^ abcdefgh Dr John Davies (14 February 2003). "Census shows Welsh language rise Friday, 14 February 2003 extracted 12-04-07". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  59. ^ abc "Census equality backed by Plaid 23 September 2000 extracted 12-04-07". BBC News. 23 September 2000. Archived from the original on 24 November 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  60. ^ "Census results 'defy tick-box row' 30 September 2002 extracted 12-04-07". BBC News. 30 September 2002. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  61. ^ Scottish Parliament's Review of Census Ethnicity Classifications Consultation: June 2005 extrated 7 April 2008 Archived 4 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine.


  62. ^ abc "NSO article: 'Welsh' on Census form published 8 January 2004, extracted 7 April 2008". Statistics.gov.uk. 8 January 2004. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  63. ^ ab Walesonline.co.uk Pioneering census questionnaire for Wales will help us shape the future Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. published in Western Mail, 17 December 2009 (Retrieved 17 October 2011)


  64. ^ ONS website 2011 Census questions – Wales Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved 17 October 2011)


  65. ^ "title". Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.


  66. ^ "CREST Minority Nationalism published 2001, extracted 14 July 2010" (PDF). crest.ox.ac.uk. 2001. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2010.


  67. ^ "Apology over 'insults' to English, BBC Wales, 3 September 2001". BBC News. 19 January 2001. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  68. ^ "UK: Wales Plaid calls for second home controls, BBC Wales, November 17, 1999". BBC News. 17 November 1999. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  69. ^ "Plaid plan 'protects' rural areas, BBC Wales, 19 June 2001". BBC News. 19 June 2001. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  70. ^ ab "Dewis Da - Why choose Welsh?". Careers Wales. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2013.


  71. ^ Powys, Betsan (22 May 2012). "Mugshots and making headlines". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2013.


  72. ^ "Oath of Allegiance (Welsh Language) (Hansard, 21 July 1966)". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 21 July 1966. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  73. ^ "Patagonian Welsh". Wikipedia. 2017-04-03.


  74. ^ "2011 Census: First Results for Ethnicity, National Identity, and Religion for Wales" (PDF). Gov.wales. Retrieved 9 January 2018.


  75. ^ "Russian Orthodox Church Abroad Cardiff". Russian Orthodox Church Abroad Cardiff. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.


  76. ^ Wales, Father Luke Holden - Orthodox Christian Contact. "Orthodox Wales". Orthodoxchurch.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.


  77. ^ Davies (2008) p. 189


  78. ^ Collinson, Dawn (28 February 2015). "St David's Day: why are Liverpool's Welsh links so strong?". Liverpoolecho.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.


  79. ^ "Ashton-in-Makerfield U3A - About Ashton-in-Makerfield". Ashtoninmakerfieldanddistrictu3a.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.


  80. ^ "BBC - Hereford and Worcester - About Herefordshire - Herefordshire in Wales?". Bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.


  81. ^ "Watch: 43 years on - should Oswestry be in England or Wales?". Shropshirestar.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.


  82. ^ Fuller, Mike (8 July 2016). "Bore da! Cheshire West revealed as most Welsh place in England". Chesterchronicle.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.


  83. ^ "Why the people of Shrewsbury are 'more Welsh' than Cardiff". Walesonline.co.uk. 12 September 2006. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.


  84. ^ BBC website; Archived 2 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. recalled 13 November 2015


  85. ^ ab "Nineteenth Century Arrivals in Australia: ''University of Wales, Lampeter'' website. Retrieved 3 August 2006". Lamp.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  86. ^ Welsh in Pennsylvania by Matthew S. Magda (1986), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. From Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Retrieved 3 August 2006. Archived 30 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine.


  87. ^ Welsh: Multicultural Canada. Retrieved 3 August 2006. Archived 26 June 2007 at Archive.is


  88. ^ "South America — Patagonia: ''BBC — Wales History.'' Retrieved 3 August 2006". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  89. ^ "Tiny US town's big Welsh heritage: ''BBC News,'' 20 July 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2006". BBC News. 20 July 2005. Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  90. ^ "Welsh History, The Welsh in North America, Utah". Ligtel.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  91. ^ "Welsh immigration from ''Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand''. Retrieved 3 August 2003". Teara.govt.nz. 13 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  92. ^ "Estimated from population of Wales from 2001 census (2,903,085Census 2001 Wales". Statistics.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 17 November 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  93. ^ "Was there an Indian tribe descended from Welsh explorers to America?". Straight Dope. 8 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2009.


  94. ^ [2] Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.




Further reading


  • John Davies, A History of Wales, published 1990 by Penguin,
    ISBN 0-14-014581-8

  • Norman Davies, The Isles, published 1991 by Papermac,
    ISBN 0-333-69283-7

  • Gwyn A Williams, The Welsh in their History, published 1982 by Croom Helm,
    ISBN 0-7099-3651-6

  • J.F. del Giorgio, The Oldest Europeans, published 2005 by A.J. Place,
    ISBN 980-6898-00-1

  • Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism, published in 1997 by Cambridge University Press,
    ISBN 0-521-62544-0


External links



  • BBC Wales: Welsh Comings and Goings: The history of migration in and out of Wales

  • BBC News report: The Numbers of Welsh (and Cornish)

  • BBC News report: Genes link Celts to Basques

  • BBC: The Welsh in Patagonia

  • Glaniad – Welsh Settlements in Patagonia

  • data-wales.co.uk: Emigration from Wales to America

  • data-wales.co.uk: Why do so many Black Americans have Welsh names?

  • Genetic data (1)

  • Genetic data (2)

  • Link2Wales: Encyclopedia of the alternative music scene in Wales

  • A Y chromosome census of the British Isles

  • 418,000 write in 'Welsh' on 2001 Census form

  • Gathering the Jewels – Welsh Heritage and Culture








-

Popular posts from this blog

How to check contact read email or not when send email to Individual?

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP up vote 1 down vote favorite I'm using WordPress 4.9.8, CiviCRM to 5.5.1, I usually send email to contact by Search> Find contacts View contact details Action> Send email Send email ok, Contact received mail ok like picture But status only Email sent though contact read email or not. So, can CiviCRM can change status to Email read when contact read email? wordpress email share | improve this question asked Sep 26 at 0:12 ToanLuong 49 9 add a comment  |  up vote 1 down vote favorite I'm using WordPress 4.9.8, CiviCRM to 5.5.1, I usually send email to contact by Search> Find contacts View contact details Action> Send email Send email ok, Contact received mail ok like picture But status only Email sent though contact read email or not. So, can CiviCRM can change status to Email read when contact read email? wordpress email share | improve this questi...
Read more

Displaying single band from multi-band raster using QGIS

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP 1 How can I extract a single band from multi-band raster in QGIS? I have an remote sensed image which has 6 bands (including NDVI band), I want to display each band separately, but have no idea how to do. I have seen some questions similar here but none worked for me. The original image (has 6 bands) is: I want to display the band 6 which should be like this: But I tried gdal_translate, and couldn't get the correct result. What I have got is: qgis raster multi-band share | improve this question edited Mar 5 at 0:53 Summer asked Mar 4 at 6:42 Summer Summer 23 6 Is this any help gis.stackexchange.com/questions/220658/… ? if not gis.stackexchange.com/questions/62133/… might help. – Michael Stimson Mar 4 at 6:46 Thanks for answering but when I used gdal_translate, qgis showed that 'Error 4: Kayena.tif: No such file or directory". Would you know how to fi...
Read more

How many registers does an x86_64 CPU actually have?

Image
Clash Royale CLAN TAG #URR8PPP up vote 2 down vote favorite I am currently learning reverse engineering and am studying the flags register. I had in my mind that rflags was just another name for one of the 16 general purpose registers, for example rax or rbx . But it looks like rflags is actually an additional register. So that makes 17 registers in total... how many more could there be? I have spent at least an hour on this and found numerous different answers. The best answer so far is this, which says that there are 40 registers in total. 16 General Purpose Registers 2 Status Registers 6 Code Segment Registers 16 SSE Registers 8 FPU/MMX Registers But if I add that up, I get 48. Could anybody provide an official answer on how many registers an x86_64 CPU has (e.g. an Intel i7). Additionally, I have seen references to 'hardware' and 'architectural' registers. What are those registers and how many are there? register x86-64 share | improve this...
Read more